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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Enzymes and Digestion > Flashcards

Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are simple carbs made up of?

A

One or two sugar units

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2
Q

What are large complex carbs made up of?

A

Many smaller carbs joined together in a long chain

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3
Q

Give examples of simple and complex carbs

A

Simple: Glucose, sucrose
Complex: Starch, cellulose

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4
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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5
Q

How many molecules does a lipid contain of glycerol and fatty acids?

A

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

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6
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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7
Q

What is special about these long chains of amino acids?

A

They’re folded into specific shape -> allows molecules to fit in to the protein

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8
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

Fight disease, produced by WBC, part of immune system

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9
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Carry messages around body

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10
Q

What is the function of structural proteins?

A

Make up tissues in the body

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11
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

Control chemical reactions in the body, Are specific to allow certain molecules to fit into it.

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12
Q

Define catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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13
Q

Why do living things produce enzymes?

A

To speed up useful reactions

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14
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule which is changed in a reaction

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15
Q

Where place does the substrate join the enzyme (in the enzyme)

A

Active site

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16
Q

How many reactions does an enzyme usually catalyse?

A

1

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17
Q

What does changing a temperature in a mammal usually do?

A

Speeds up all reactions. Useful and un-useful ones

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18
Q

What does increasing the temperature do to an enzyme (all stages)

A

Increases initial rate, but when too hot, active site changes and the enzyme denatures

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19
Q

Why is it important that the pH in an enzyme is suitable for it?

A

Because if it isn’t, the active site will change and the enzyme will denature

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20
Q

Do all enzymes have the same optimum pH?

A

No

21
Q

What do digestive enzymes do to molecules?

A

Break them down into smaller ones

22
Q

Give examples of big and small molecules

A

Big: Starch, proteins, lipids
Small: Sugars, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids

23
Q

What is the difference between insoluble and soluble in terms of size?

A

Insoluble: Big
Soluble: Small

24
Q

What molecules does amylase breakdown and where does it work and made?

A

Converts starch into sugars. Works in mouth and SI, made in SI, pancreas or salivary glands

25
Q

What molecules does protease breakdown and where does it work and made?

A

Converts proteins into amino acids. Works in stomach and SI, made in stomach, pancreas or SI

26
Q

What molecules does lipase breakdown and where does it work and made?

A

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Works in SI, made in SI and pancreas

27
Q

What is the role of bile and where is it produced and stored?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats. Made liver and stored in gall bladder

28
Q

Where is bile released into?

A

SI

29
Q

Why does bile neutralise the stomach acid?

A

Too allow enzymes to work there as the conditions are too acidic

30
Q

How does bile make the digestion of fats quicker?

A

Breaks them down into tiny droplets increasing the SA

31
Q

What enzyme does the salivary glands produce?

A

Amylase

32
Q

What does the liver produce to help with digestion?

A

Bile

33
Q

What is the purpose of the gall bladder in relation to digestion?

A

Stores bile before it’s released into the SI

34
Q

What is the purpose of the SI in relation to digestion and what enzymes does it produce?

A

Protease, lipase and amylase. Where food is absorbed into the blood

35
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach in relation to digestion and what enzymes does it produce?

A

Pummels food, produces pepsin, protease and Hcl

36
Q

Why does the stomach produce Hcl?

A

Kill bacteria, give pepsin the optimum pH to work in

37
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas produce and where does it release them?

A

Amylase, protease, lipase, releases them into the duodenum

38
Q

What is the purpose of the LI in relation to digestion?

A

Absorbs a lot of the water mixed in with the food

39
Q

What is the purpose of the anus in relation to digestion?

A

Where you shit out all the faeces

40
Q

What stains wash out easier, soluble or insoluble ones?

A

Soluble

41
Q

What do non-biological detergents contain?

A

Chemicals

42
Q

What do biological detergents contain?

A

Enzymes and same chemicals in non-biological detergents

43
Q

What is the source of stain for proteins and lipids?

A

Proteins: Blood, grass
Lipids: Butter, oil

44
Q

What are the enzymes called for proteins and lipids?

A

Protease and lipase

45
Q

What is the product of proteins and lipids?

A

Amino acids, fatty acids + glycerol

46
Q

What enzymes are used in baby food to pre-digest it and why?

A

Proteases. Makes food easier for the baby to digest

47
Q

What enzymes turn starch syrup into sugar syrup?

A

Carbohydrases

48
Q

What enzyme is used to turn glucose syrup into fructose syrup and why?

A

Isomerase -> get same sweetness level without adding too many calories

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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