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Sem2: Anatomy of the Thorax > Valves, Fibrous Skeleton, Conducting System > Flashcards

Valves, Fibrous Skeleton, Conducting System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Heart Valves?

A

Atrioventricular(AV) valves (x2)

Semilunar(arterial) valves (x2)

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2
Q

Atrioventricular Valves separate the atria and ventricles

_________ (right side) and _______ (left side) containing _____ and ______ cusps respectively, each slung from a fibrous band or ________

A

Atrioventricular Valves separate the atria and ventricles

Tricuspid** (right side) and **bicuspid/mitral** (left side) containing **three** and **two** cusps respectively, each slung from a fibrous band or **annulus

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3
Q

The AV Valves free edge are attached to ________ which in turn are attached to __________ (outpouchings of ventricular muscle that help to close valves under high pressure)

A

The AV Valves free edge are attached to chordae tendineae which in turn are attached to papillary muscles (outpouchings of ventricular muscle that help to close valves under high pressure)

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

The Mitral (BIcuspid) Valve has _________ of different shapes secured to a fibrous ring at the AV junction (______)

A

The Mitral (bicuspid) Valve has 2 leaflets (cusps; anterior(A), posterior (P)) of different shapes secured to a fibrous ring at the AV junction (annulus)

posterior leaflet is shallow, aids in its closure

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6
Q

Adequate __________ is critical to valve competency and its depth/length is viewed as an important assessment of valve function

A

Adequate coaptation zone (seal between the two valves) is critical to valve competency and depth/length of coaptation is viewed as an important assessment of valve function

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7
Q

__________: failure of valve resulting in backflow of blood

A

Prolapse: failure of valve resulting in backflow of blood

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8
Q

Function of AV Valves when Arterial pressure > Ventricular

A
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9
Q

Function of AV Valves when Atrial pressure < Ventricular

A
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10
Q

_________ Valve

  • 3 semilunar cusps (left, right, anterior), with free edges that ______ during valve closure
  • Thickened __________ on middle free superior edge (thin lateral portion -______)
  • Pocket-like _________ wall of pulmonary trunk behind each cusp
A

Pulmonary Valve

  • 3 semilunar cusps (left, right, anterior), with free edges that coapt during valve closure
  • Thickened nodule** on middle free superior edge (thin lateral portion -**lunula)
  • Pocket-like sinus wall of pulmonary trunk behind each cusp

→ Aids valve closure by filling as ventricle relaxes

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11
Q

_______ Valve

  • 3 semilunar cusps (left, right, posterior (non-coronary)), with free edges that _____ during valve closure
  • Pocket-like _______ in wall of ascending aorta behind each cusp
  • Origin of the ________________ from the left & right aortic sinuses
A

Aortic Valve

  • Similar structure to pulmonary valve
  • 3 semilunar cusps (left, right, posterior(non-coronary)), with free edges that coapt during valve closure
  • Pocket-like sinus in wall of ascending aorta behind each cusp
  • The right & left coronary arteries originate from the left & right aortic sinuses
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12
Q

coronary arteries fill when ________

A

coronary arteries fill when ventricles relax

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13
Q

Function of Semilunar Valves?

Describe the process when open/closed

A
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14
Q

A Valve _____ is one that doesn’t open properly

A

A Valve STENOSIS is one that doesnt open properly => Narrowing

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15
Q

A Valve __________ is one that doesn’t close properly

A

A Valve INSUFFICIENCY is one that doesn’t close properly

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16
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Mechanical Heart Valves?

A

Advantages:

–Durable materials; can last 30+ yrs

Disadvantages:

–Need for life-long anticoagulation therapy (e.g. Warfarin); predisposes to hemorrhage

–Clicking sound

–Potential for mechanical failure, embolism

17
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Replacmetn Biological Valves?

A

Advantages:

–Better hemodynamics; less susceptible to thrombus formation; no requirement for anticoagulation therapy

Disadvantages:

–Shorter life-span (~15-20 yrs) in comparison to mechanical valves

–Potential for rejection

–Potential for calcification, particularly in younger patients

18
Q

What causes the LUB and DUB sounds heard during Auscultation?

A

Opening of AV valves (S1) → LUB

Opening of Arterial valves (S2) → DUB

19
Q

Role of the Fibrous Skeleton in the Heart?

A
  • Dense CT rings surround valves; fuse and merge with the interventricular septum
  • Support structure for heart valves (annulus fibrosis) changes size during cardiac cycle
  • Insertion point for cardiac muscle bundles
  • Electrical insulator between atria & ventricles
20
Q
A
21
Q

_____________:

  • Specialised cluster of cardiac muscle cells & associated connective tissue
  • Pacemakerof heart –initiates & regulates impulses for cardiac contractions
A

SA Node

  • Specialised cluster of cardiac muscle cells & associated connective tissue
  • Pacemakerof heart –initiates & regulates impulses for cardiac contractions
22
Q

_________ control of SA node will accelerate heart rate while __________ control will return/reduce towards basal rate

A

Sympatheticcontrol of SA node will accelerate heart rate

Parasympathetic control will return/reduce towards basal rate

23
Q

_____________

  • Smaller collection of nodal tissue
  • Located in interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus
  • Signal generated by SA node reaches AV node by ________________
  • AV node distributes signal to ventricles through ___________
A

AV Node

  • Smaller collection of nodal tissue
  • Located in interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus
  • Signal generated by SA node reaches AV node by myogenic conduction (rapid)
  • AV node distributes the signal to ventricles through AV bundle
24
Q

Autonomic Nerve Supplu to SA Node

Parasympathetic:vagus nerve

  • _______ heart rate
  • ______ force of contraction

Sympathetic: T1-4 spinal nerves

  • _______ heart rate
  • ______ force of contraction
A

Autonomic Nerve Supplu to SA Node

Parasympathetic: vagus nerve

  • Decreases heart rate
  • Reduces force of contraction

Sympathetic:T1-4 spinal nerves

  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases force of contraction
25
Q

Right bundles takes a shortcut to ant. papillary muscle through ________; helps to coordinate timing)

A

Right bundles takes shortcut to ant. papillary muscle through moderator band (septomarginaltrabecula; helps to coordinate timing)

Sem2: Anatomy of the Thorax (18 decks)

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