Surfaces and Chambers

Question 1

Cardiac muscle is: __________,_______________,_____________

Answer 1

Cardiac muscle is:

– Involuntary

– Striated (vs smooth)

– Tireless

Question 2

Two ways in which pulmonary and systemic blood flow are kept separate and unidirectional?

Answer 2

It is vital to keep the two separate & unidirectional:

–A muscular wall (septum)

–Heart valves

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

___________: Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the two pleural cavities

Answer 4

Mediastinum: Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the two pleural cavities

Question 5

Boundaries of the meiastinum

Answer 5

Superior: transverse thoracic plane (T4/T5)

Inferior: diaphragm

Anterior: anterior mediastinum

Posterior: posterior mediastinum

Lateral: lungs & mediastinal pleura

Question 6

Superior vs. Inferior Media Stenum Boundaries

Answer 6

Question 7

_________: Fibroserous sac covering the heart & initial part of great vessels

Composed of two layers:

Answer 7

Pericardium: Fibroseroussac covering the heart & initial part of great vessels

Closed sac is composed of two layers:

–Fibrous pericardium

–Serous pericardium (Visceral and Parietal parts)

Question 8

_______ pericardium reflects back on itself, forming an additional layer, the ______ layer

Answer 8

serous** pericardium reflects back on itself, forming an additional layer, the **visceral layer

Question 9

________lines the inner fibrous pericardium (_______ ) & covers the external surface of heart (_______ or ________)

Answer 9

Serous Pericardium Lines the inner fibrous pericardium (parietal part), & covers the external surface of heart (visceral part = epicardium)

Question 10

__________is a fluid-filled space between opposing layers of serous pericardium

Answer 10

Pericardial cavity is a fluid-filled space between opposing layers of serous pericardium

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

The Fibrous Pericardium:

Merges with ________________

Attaches to _________________

Is fused inferiorly with ________________

Answer 12

The Fibrous Pericardium:

Merges with tunica adventitia of great vessels

• Attaches to the posterior sternum (sternopericardial ligaments)
• Fused inferiorly with the central tendon of diaphragm

Question 13

The __________ protects the heart against sudden overfilling

Answer 13

The fibrous pericardium protects heart against sudden overfilling (tough, inelastic)

Question 14

Pericardial reflection (culdesac) at which point the pericardium reflect back on itself?

Surgical Significance?

Answer 14

Transverse/Oblique sinus

Significance: allows great arteries to be clamped if necessary

Question 15

_________: Extensive pericardial effusion (or blood) can cause life-threatening compression of heart

______________: is performed to relieve it

Answer 15

Cardiac Tamponade: Extensive pericardial effusion (or blood (haemopericardium)) can cause life-threatening compression of the heart

Relieved/drained by pericardiocentesis (needle inserted into pericardium)

Question 16

The Apex of the heart is located at the ____________

Answer 16

The Apex of the heart is located at the 5th left intercostal space, Mid-clavicular line

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

What forms the right border of the heart between the inferior and superior venae cavae?

Answer 18

Right Atrium

Question 19

_________: remnant of valve present during fetal development which acts as important bypass for non-functional lungs

Answer 19

Fossa Ovalis: remnant of valve present during fetal development which acts as important bypass for non-functional lungs

Question 20

_________ vertical ridge separating smooth from rough muscular part of Right Atrium

Answer 20

Crista terminalis vertical ridge separating smooth from rough muscular part of Right Atrium

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

Thin-walled chamber that lies behind the right atrium and receives 4 valve-less pulmonary veins

Answer 23

Left Atrium