Validation

Question 1

What is prejudice

Answer 1

Unjustified attitudes toward members of social groups and is made up of the three components of an attitude, mainly affect.

Question 2

Causes of prejudice

Answer 2

Intergroup behaviour
Social influence
Intergroup competition
Social categorisation
Just world phenomenon

Question 3

Intergroup behaviour

Answer 3

Interactions, members from one group have with members of another group

Question 4

Social influence

Answer 4

Children learn prejudice from their family, teachers, peers and friends (agents of socialization). Also TV, media.

Question 5

Intergroup competition

Answer 5

Economic competition over access to resources, wealth and jobs can lead to groups purposefully inciting prejudice against outgroups by portraying them as a threat.

Question 6

Social categorisation

Answer 6

People unconsciously identify individuals that are part of their ingroup, and those that are part of an outgroup.

Question 7

Just world phenomenon

Answer 7

The assumption people make that everything that happens for a reason and that the world is just/fair

Question 8

Ways to reduce prejudice

Answer 8

Intergroup contact
Superordinate goals
Mutual interdependence
Equal-status contact

Question 9

Intergroup contact

Answer 9

Contact between members of different social groups

Question 10

Contact hypothesis

Answer 10

Intergroup contact can reduce prejudice and negative stereotypes held by members

Question 11

Superordinate goals

Answer 11

Goals both groups want to achieve, but that can only be achieved if both groups cooperate.

Question 12

Mutual interdependence

Answer 12

Groups depend on each other to meet their goals; they have a co-dependent relationship

Question 13

Equal-status contact

Answer 13

Members of both groups must have roughly equal power.

Question 14

Experimental vs Non experimental study

Answer 14

Experimental studies manipulate variables, non-experimental studies do not.

Experimental studies use control and random assignment, non-experimental studies do not.

Experimental studies can establish cause-and-effect, non-experimental studies typically cannot.

Question 15

Informed consent

Answer 15

Participants should be fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks before agreeing to participate. This ensures they are participating voluntarily and with full knowledge.

Question 16

Confidentiality

Answer 16

Researchers must protect participants’ personal information and ensure that data is stored securely. This prevents potential harm or stigmatization of participants

Question 17

Withdrawal rights

Answer 17

Participants can end their participation in a study or have their results removed during or at the completion of the study without pressure or penalty. This ensures their autonomy and comfort throughout the research process

Question 18

2 types of sampling

Answer 18

Random and stratified

Question 19

Random sampling

Answer 19

Names of all members in a population are collated and are randomly selected by drawing out of a hat or computer-generated program.

Question 20

Strengths of random sampling

Answer 20

• Researcher bias is minimized
• Each participant has an equal chance of being selected to be part of the sample

Question 21

Limitations of random sampling

Answer 21

• The time and effort required to conduct this type of sampling is high
• The sample is unlikely to be representative of the population it was taken from if sample size is not adequate

Question 22

Stratified sampling

Answer 22

Population is broken into subgroups based on characteristics relevant to the study.

Question 23

Strengths of stratified sampling

Answer 23

• Sample is likely to be representative of the population it was taken from.
• Researcher bias is minimized

Question 24

Limitations of stratified sampling

Answer 24

• The time and effort required to conduct this type of sampling is high.
• Researchers may not always be able to classify each participant of the population into subgroups.

Question 25

2 methods that could provide qualitative data

Answer 25

Structured interview and open ended survey

Question 26

Structured interview

Answer 26

Set of pre-established questions are asked in real time face to face or over the phone

Question 27

Strengths of structured interview

Answer 27

• Many individuals or focus groups can be asked the same set of standardized questions reducing differences between interviewers
• Participants do not need to rely on their reading ability in order to participate

Question 28

Limitations of structured interview

Answer 28

• Interviewers are not able to ask participants to further explain their responses thus limiting the richness of collected data

-Drawing general conclusions is difficult

Question 29

Open-ended survey

Answer 29

Participants are provided with questions on paper or online with space to respond in open-text format with as much detail as they like, they are used in exploratory studies of issues requiring deep insight

Question 30

Strengths of open ended survery

Answer 30

• Detailed information (including attitudes and emotions) can be collected or complicated topics.
• Participants are not restricted by limited options.

Question 31

Limitations of open ended survey

Answer 31

• Participants must rely on their reading and writing ability to participate.
• Differences in the amount of detail

Question 32

Why use a bar or column graph

Answer 32

Commonly used to display experimental research.

Question 33

What does it mean for a study to be ‘generalisable’

Answer 33

Generalisability refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to the broader population.

Question 34

How could a study increase its generalisability

Answer 34

To increase generalisability, researchers can use a large and diverse sample, employ random sampling, and replicate the study in different settings to ensure consistent results.

Question 35

Physical effects of prejudice

Answer 35

Sleep disturbances
Weakened imune system
Hypertension

Question 36

Psychological effects of prejudice

Answer 36

Anxiety and depression
Low self-esteem
PTSD

Question 37

Social effects of prejudice

Answer 37

Social isolation
Peer relationship strain
Less participation

Question 38

Prejudice components

Answer 38

Stereotypes
Negative feelings
Tendency to act in a discriminatory way