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Psychology > Validation > Flashcards

Validation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prejudice

A

Unjustified attitudes toward members of social groups and is made up of the three components of an attitude, mainly affect.

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2
Q

Causes of prejudice

A

Intergroup behaviour
Social influence
Intergroup competition
Social categorisation
Just world phenomenon

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3
Q

Intergroup behaviour

A

Interactions, members from one group have with members of another group

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4
Q

Social influence

A

Children learn prejudice from their family, teachers, peers and friends (agents of socialization). Also TV, media.

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5
Q

Intergroup competition

A

Economic competition over access to resources, wealth and jobs can lead to groups purposefully inciting prejudice against outgroups by portraying them as a threat.

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6
Q

Social categorisation

A

People unconsciously identify individuals that are part of their ingroup, and those that are part of an outgroup.

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7
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

The assumption people make that everything that happens for a reason and that the world is just/fair

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8
Q

Ways to reduce prejudice

A

Intergroup contact
Superordinate goals
Mutual interdependence
Equal-status contact

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9
Q

Intergroup contact

A

Contact between members of different social groups

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10
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

Intergroup contact can reduce prejudice and negative stereotypes held by members

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11
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Goals both groups want to achieve, but that can only be achieved if both groups cooperate.

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12
Q

Mutual interdependence

A

Groups depend on each other to meet their goals; they have a co-dependent relationship

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13
Q

Equal-status contact

A

Members of both groups must have roughly equal power.

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14
Q

Experimental vs Non experimental study

A

Experimental studies manipulate variables, non-experimental studies do not.

Experimental studies use control and random assignment, non-experimental studies do not.

Experimental studies can establish cause-and-effect, non-experimental studies typically cannot.

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15
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants should be fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks before agreeing to participate. This ensures they are participating voluntarily and with full knowledge.

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16
Q

Confidentiality

A

Researchers must protect participants’ personal information and ensure that data is stored securely. This prevents potential harm or stigmatization of participants

17
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

Participants can end their participation in a study or have their results removed during or at the completion of the study without pressure or penalty. This ensures their autonomy and comfort throughout the research process

18
Q

2 types of sampling

A

Random and stratified

19
Q

Random sampling

A

Names of all members in a population are collated and are randomly selected by drawing out of a hat or computer-generated program.

20
Q

Strengths of random sampling

A
  • Researcher bias is minimized
  • Each participant has an equal chance of being selected to be part of the sample
21
Q

Limitations of random sampling

A
  • The time and effort required to conduct this type of sampling is high
  • The sample is unlikely to be representative of the population it was taken from if sample size is not adequate
22
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Population is broken into subgroups based on characteristics relevant to the study.

23
Q

Strengths of stratified sampling

A
  • Sample is likely to be representative of the population it was taken from.
  • Researcher bias is minimized
24
Q

Limitations of stratified sampling

A
  • The time and effort required to conduct this type of sampling is high.
  • Researchers may not always be able to classify each participant of the population into subgroups.
25
Q

2 methods that could provide qualitative data

A

Structured interview and open ended survey

26
Q

Structured interview

A

Set of pre-established questions are asked in real time face to face or over the phone

27
Q

Strengths of structured interview

A
  • Many individuals or focus groups can be asked the same set of standardized questions reducing differences between interviewers
  • Participants do not need to rely on their reading ability in order to participate
28
Q

Limitations of structured interview

A
  • Interviewers are not able to ask participants to further explain their responses thus limiting the richness of collected data

-Drawing general conclusions is difficult

29
Q

Open-ended survey

A

Participants are provided with questions on paper or online with space to respond in open-text format with as much detail as they like, they are used in exploratory studies of issues requiring deep insight

30
Q

Strengths of open ended survery

A
  • Detailed information (including attitudes and emotions) can be collected or complicated topics.
  • Participants are not restricted by limited options.
31
Q

Limitations of open ended survey

A
  • Participants must rely on their reading and writing ability to participate.
  • Differences in the amount of detail
32
Q

Why use a bar or column graph

A

Commonly used to display experimental research.

33
Q

What does it mean for a study to be ‘generalisable’

A

Generalisability refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to the broader population.

34
Q

How could a study increase its generalisability

A

To increase generalisability, researchers can use a large and diverse sample, employ random sampling, and replicate the study in different settings to ensure consistent results.

35
Q

Physical effects of prejudice

A

Sleep disturbances
Weakened imune system
Hypertension

36
Q

Psychological effects of prejudice

A

Anxiety and depression
Low self-esteem
PTSD

37
Q

Social effects of prejudice

A

Social isolation
Peer relationship strain
Less participation

38
Q

Prejudice components

A

Stereotypes
Negative feelings
Tendency to act in a discriminatory way

Psychology (18 decks)

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