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Psychology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system consists of

A

Somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

Role of autonomic

A

Sympathetic and parasympat hetic

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4
Q

Somatic NS

A

Carries sensory information received from sensory receptor cells to CNS via sensory neurons.
- Voluntary skeletal muscle movement

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5
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Carries messages from the brain to internal glans and organs via motor neurons.
- Involuntary skeletal muscle movement

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6
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Controls fight or flight response

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7
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Controls rest and digest response

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8
Q

Sympathetic NS body parts affected

A
  • Pupils dilate
  • Saliva production inhibited
  • Heart rate increases
  • Digestion is inhibited
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9
Q

Parasympathetic NS body parts affected

A
  • Pupils constrict
  • Saliva production stimulated
  • Heart rate decreases
  • Digestion is stimulated
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10
Q

Structure of neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma/cell body
  3. Axon
  4. Axon terminals
  5. Myelin sheath
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11
Q

Neuron

A

Cells of the nervous system that communicate with each other

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions of the cell body that receive neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic neurons.

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13
Q

Soma/cell body

A

Contains a nucleus that controls the activities of the neuron

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14
Q

Axon

A

The long projection of a neuron that conducts electrical nerve impulses.

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15
Q

Axon terminals

A

The enlarged end points of axon branches that store neurotransmitters.

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty covering of the axon that acts as an insulator.

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17
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Process sensory information and carry messages to spinal cord and brain. (Afferent)

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18
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry motor messages from the spinal cord and brain to muscles. (Efferent)

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19
Q

Interneurons

A

Act as the connection between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules found within the nervous system that act as chemical messengers.

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21
Q

Role of neurotransmitters

A

Allow neurons to communicate by relaying information between them across the synapse.

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22
Q

Role of the synapse

A

Connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next

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23
Q

Electro chemical signal

A

Explained as an electrical nerve impulse (action potential) travels through the neuron and neurotransmitters.

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24
Q

Direction of transmission

A

Travels in one direction only from the dendrites to the cell body, then along the axon to the axon terminals.

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25
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Coordinates sensory and motor messages
  • Medulla and Cerebellum
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26
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives sensory messages from all the senses except smell and sends information to the forebrain
- Reticular formation

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27
Q

Forebrain

A

Largest part of the brain that plays a key role in cognition, emotion, behaviour and processing sensory information
- Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Medulla

A

Lowest part of the brainstem that relays information between spinal cord and brain.
- Regulates the respiratory and cardiovascular system

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29
Q

Cerebellum

A

Convoluted structure at the back of the brain
- Involved in balance, judging distance, and coordination of motor movement

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30
Q

Reticular formation

A

Network of nuclei located within the length of the brainstem.
-Helps maintain wakefulness and alertness (sleep cycle)

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31
Q

Thalamus

A

Double-lobed structure located above brainstem, that receives sensory information except smell.

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32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Structure that sits below thalamus and regulates sleep, eating, body temp and sexual drive.

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33
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain made up of nerve cell tissue.
- Responsible for higher order processes (memory, language reasoning etc)

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34
Q

Left hemisphere

A
  • Controls movement of the right side of the body
  • Language and logical reasoning
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35
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • Controls movement of the left side of the body
  • Creativity and imagination
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36
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick band of nerve fibres (white matter) connecting both hemispheres of the brain.

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37
Q

White matter

A

Consists of myelinated axons.

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38
Q

Grey matter

A

Consists of unmyelinated axons

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39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Responsible for complex thinking, movement, speaking, emotional control, and attention.

40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Responsible for understanding speech, auditory information.

41
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Responsible for visual perception, processing.

42
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Responsible for processing sensory information (pain), spatial awareness.

43
Q

Broca’s area

A

Responsible for the production of articulate clear speech.

44
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Responsible for the understanding of language.

45
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

Front layer of the frontal lobes.

46
Q

Cortexes of the brain

A

Pre frontal, primary motor, primary sensory, primary auditory, primary visual

47
Q

Structure of spinal cord

A

A long thin bundle of nerve fibres that extend from the base of the brain to the lower back.

48
Q

Parts of the brain

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Forebrain
  3. Midbrain
49
Q

Lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
50
Q

Roger Sperry

A

(1959-1968) Split brain experiment demonstrated that corpus callosum is required for full functioning of brain. And hemispheres of brain

51
Q

Walter Freeman

A

(1936-1945) The lobotomy, during the mid-20th century. His work focused on the prefrontal cortex and its role in mental illness.

52
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram: Dynamic imaging

Electrodes placed on scalp and brain waves are detected in brain.

Help to diagnose epilepsy and other seizure disorders.

53
Q

CT scan

A

Computed Tomography: Still imaging

Rotating x-ray beam moves around patient head while taking multiple x-ray images.

Fractures, tumours, aneurysms

54
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Still imaging

Strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce pictures of the brain.

Diagnose brain tumours and aneurysms/strokes.

55
Q

FMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging: Dynamic imaging

Strong magnetic waves to show where neurons are consuming oxygen.

Show the parts of the brain that are active when patient is performing a task.

56
Q

Brain plasticity

A

The ability of neural connections to grow and reorganise.

57
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

The ability of neural connections in the brain to reorganise in response to sensory input from the environment.

58
Q

Adaptive plasticity

A

The ability of neural connections in the brain to reorganise in response to new information.

59
Q

Stages of plasticity

A
  1. Proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Circuit formation
  4. Synaptic pruning
  5. Myelination
60
Q

Cerebellum during Adolecsence

A

Continues to grow in volume.

61
Q

Corpus callosum during adolescence

A

Thickness increases.

62
Q

Amygdala during adolescence

A

Grows in volume.

63
Q

Frontal lobes during adolescence

A

Evaluate emotions and use rational thinking.

64
Q

Pre-frontal cortex during adolescence

A

Undergoes myelination.

65
Q

Developmental stages across lifespan

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy
  3. Childhood
  4. Adolescence
  5. Early adulthood
  6. Middle age
  7. Older age
66
Q

Prenatal

A

(Conception to birth)

Curl toes, suck thumbs, listen to mothers in womb and research suggests foetus can sense emotions.

67
Q

Infancy

A

(Birth to 1 year)

  • Rapid physical growth and development.
  • Sitting, crawling and walking
  • Formation of attachment bonds with caregivers
68
Q

Childhood

A

(1-12 years)

Further development of cognitive abilties and social skills

69
Q

Adolescence

A

(12-20 years)

Puberty and rapid physical changes.

70
Q

Early adulthood

A

(20-40 years)

Physical peak and continued cognitive development

71
Q

Middle age

A

(40-65 years)

Focus on career advancement. Declining muscle mass and menopause for women

72
Q

Older age

A

(65+ years)

Decline in physical health and sensory abilities. Reflection on life.

73
Q

Piaget’s theory if cognitive development

A

Children’s cognition differs to that of adults and that as children mature, their intellectual skills change.

74
Q

Schemata

A

Experiences of the world organised as mental structures

75
Q

Assimilation

A

Changing existing schemata to integrate new information, without schemata changing.

76
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing existing schemata to integrate new information, or creation of a new schemata when integration is not possible.

77
Q

Equilibrium

A

State experienced when existing schemata account for new information.

78
Q

Disequilibrium

A

State experienced when existing schemata are unable to account new information.

79
Q

Piaget’s stages and developmental changes

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
80
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2 Object permanence (Invisible dispalcement)

81
Q

Pre operational

A

2-7 Egocentrism, animism, symbolic thinking, centration, seriation (Three mountains)

82
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 Conservation (conservation of mass with plasticine)

83
Q

Formal operational

A

11+ Abstract thinking (pendulum problem)

84
Q

Attachment

A

The strong emotional connection between an infant and their primary attachment figure

85
Q

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

A

Suggests that children come into the world biologically pre programmed to form attachments with others because this will help them to survive.

86
Q

Monotropy

A

Children form many attachments, but one of these is qualitatively different with the primary caregiver typically the mother.

87
Q

Critical period

A

A time period for developing monotropy. If not during this time may not happen at all. (2 - 2.5 years)

88
Q

Sensitive period

A

Up to 5 years for a child to develop monotropy. (Later proposed)

89
Q

Maternal deprivation

A

Refers to the consequences a child may experience when separated from their mother.

90
Q

Internal working model

A

A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, self and others, and is based on the relationship with a primary caregiver.

91
Q

Attachment types

A
  1. Type A: Insecure avoidant attachment
  2. Type B: Secure attachment
  3. Type C: Insecure resistant attachment
92
Q

Type A: Insecure avoidant

A

Negative internal working model

93
Q

Type B: Secure

A

Positive internal working model

94
Q

Type C: Insecure resistant

A

Negative internal working mode

95
Q
A

Psychology (18 decks)

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