Vaccines

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

• the body’s response to exposure to a potential pathogen leading to long term protective response

Question 2

active immunity via

Answer 2

• immunization
• natural infection
• exposure

Question 3

passive immunity

Answer 3

• created via transfer of pre-formed antibodies to an individual

Question 4

passive immunization products

Answer 4

• pooled polyclonal antibody
• hyperimmune antibody preparations
• monoclonal antibodes

Question 5

passive immunization memory

Answer 5

• short lived

- does not induce memory

Question 6

passive immunization common uses

Answer 6

• when immediate protection needed
• host unable to produce adequate immune response
• no safe or effective vaccine is available to provide active immunity

Question 7

exposure to rabies

Answer 7

• administration of rabies immune globulin (RIG)

and rabies vaccine

Question 8

RIG

given where

Answer 8

• hyperimmune serum - passive immunity that will go away
• 1/2 dose at site where bitten
• rest into muscle

Question 9

RSV monoclonal antibody given for

Answer 9

• given monthly to neonates

- to prevent severe RSV infection

Question 10

common situations in which passive immunization is used

Answer 10

• protection against toxins
• use of RhoGam
• administration of IvIg
• antibody products directed against specific viral antigens

Question 11

protection against toxins

Answer 11

• tetanus
• botulism
• diphtheria
• snake venom

Question 12

polyclonal gamma immunoglobulin (IVIg) used for

Answer 12

• serious deficiencies of humoral immune system

Question 13

use of RhoGam

Answer 13

• prevent Rh positives numbers from becoming sensitized to fetal Rh+ erythrocytes
• prevent hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn

Question 14

RhoGam includes

Answer 14

• antibody against D antigen

Question 15

types of vaccines

Answer 15

• inactivation and attenuated bacterial and viral vaccines
• purified antigen/subunit vaccines
• synthetic/recombinant vaccines

Question 16

how to produce inactivated vaccines

Answer 16

• grow large numbers of virus or bacteria

- kill them using heat or chemical fixation

Question 17

how to produce attenuated, live vaccines

Answer 17

• repeated passages of organism through cell culture or laboratory animals
• until non-virulent organism is isolated

Question 18

protection in inactivated bacterial vaccines

Answer 18

• limited protection

- short lived

Question 19

protection of inactivated viral vaccines

Answer 19

• not as good or long-lived protection

Question 20

examples of inactivated viral vaccines

Answer 20

• inactivated flu
• rabies
• polio

Question 21

protection from attenuated, live viral vaccines

Answer 21

• effective

- long term protection

Question 22

attenuated, live viral vaccines immunity length

Answer 22

• may be lifelong

- booster doses are recommended for some vaccines

Question 23

attenuated, live viral vaccines examples

Answer 23

• MMR
• VZV
• RV
• nasal flu

Question 24

attenuated bacterial vaccine example

Answer 24

• BCG for TB

Question 25

advantage of attenuated, live viral vaccines

Answer 25

- generation of both antibody response and CTL response

Question 26

patient concern of attenuated, live viral vaccines

Answer 26

- those with immune deficiency

Question 27

how are toxoid vaccines made

Answer 27

- toxins inactivated | - by chemical modification

Question 28

toxoid vaccines effectiveness

Answer 28

- very effective immunogens

Question 29

toxoid vaccines examples

Answer 29

- Tdap

Question 30

purified polysaccharide antigens couple with

Answer 30

- proteins

Question 31

conjugate vaccine example

Answer 31

- Hib vaccine

Question 32

advantage of conjugate vaccine

Answer 32

- very safe

Question 33

disadvantage of conjugate vaccine/ synthetic recombinant antigen vaccine

Answer 33

- short shelf life - difficulty in producing the vaccine - failure to stimulate CTL response

Question 34

example of synthetic/recombinant antigen vaccine

Answer 34

- hep B vaccine

Question 35

why can't be combine all vaccines

Answer 35

- risk of interference with immune response generated b another vaccine component

Question 36

testing of combination vaccines

Answer 36

- all tested to confirm adequate immune response for each component

Question 37

adjuvants

Answer 37

- substances added to vaccine to improve or stimulate immune response

Question 38

common adjuvants

Answer 38

- aluminum salts

Question 39

diluent

Answer 39

- water or saline

Question 40

stabilizers

Answer 40

- maintain vaccine potency

Question 41

example of stabilizers

Answer 41

- monosodium glutamate - albumin - phenols - gelatin - glycine

Question 42

risks of immunization

Answer 42

- local reactions - mild systemic reactions - varied allergic reactions

Question 43

thimerosal

Answer 43

- compound previously used as a vaccine preservative | - contains ethylmercury

Question 44

ethylmercury exposure

Answer 44

- exposure to neurology disease

Question 45

role of vaccines in other childhood disorders concerns

Answer 45

- SIDS - MS - autoimmune disease these diseases pop up around the time that these vaccines are given