Modifiers of the Immune System Flashcards
undernourished
- insufficient energy to generate effective immunity
- more prone to microbial infections
overnourished
- impaired or overactive immunity
- more prone to microbial infections, excess inflammation
malnutrition
- general term for lack of some or all elements necessary for human health
kwashiorkor
- insufficient protein leads to edema and bloating
marasmus
- energy deficiency
- generally acute
- wasting
most common micronutrient deficiencies
- iodine
- iron
- vitamin A
- zinc
iron deficiency affects function of
- neutrophils
- macrophages
which cytokines are decreased in iron deficiency
- pro inflammatory
which cells impacted in iron deficiency
- T cells
- B cells to lesser extent
which function diminished in iron deficiency?
- thymus function
hepcidin
- decreases serum iron and dietary iron absorption
iron supplements favor
- pathogens
vitamin A deficiency results in
- skews immune system toward TH1 response
- reduces TH2 driven antibody responses to vaccines
vitamin A reduced mortality from
- measles
- diarrhea
obesity and inflammation
- associated with low grade chronic inflammation
obesity and T cells
- alterations in T cell subsets
- linked to increases in TNF-alpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines
obesity and thymus
- enhances thymic aging
- reduce T cell repertoire diversity
cytokine levels and inflammatory markers
- much less in obese patients compared to others
why are innate immune responses not normal in neonates?
- do not produce IL-12 at all
why is cell-mediated immunity impaired in neonates
- decreased levels of receptors of dendritic cells
maternal antibody positive impact
- facilitates better opsonization
- better uptake by phagocytes
- improved presentation of T cells and priming of B cells
maternal antibody negative impact
- decreases efficacy of live organisms including vaccines
- IgG bound epitopes can hinder B cell priming
breastmilk source of
- IgA
- IgM
- IgG
deficiency of surface/costimulatory molecules leads to
- impairment of antiviral CD8 CTLs