Modifiers of the Immune System

Question 1

undernourished

Answer 1

• insufficient energy to generate effective immunity

- more prone to microbial infections

Question 2

overnourished

Answer 2

• impaired or overactive immunity

- more prone to microbial infections, excess inflammation

Question 3

malnutrition

Answer 3

• general term for lack of some or all elements necessary for human health

Question 4

kwashiorkor

Answer 4

• insufficient protein leads to edema and bloating

Question 5

marasmus

Answer 5

• energy deficiency
• generally acute
• wasting

Question 6

most common micronutrient deficiencies

Answer 6

• iodine
• iron
• vitamin A
• zinc

Question 7

iron deficiency affects function of

Answer 7

• neutrophils

- macrophages

Question 8

which cytokines are decreased in iron deficiency

Answer 8

• pro inflammatory

Question 9

which cells impacted in iron deficiency

Answer 9

• T cells

- B cells to lesser extent

Question 10

which function diminished in iron deficiency?

Answer 10

• thymus function

Question 11

hepcidin

Answer 11

• decreases serum iron and dietary iron absorption

Question 12

iron supplements favor

Answer 12

• pathogens

Question 13

vitamin A deficiency results in

Answer 13

• skews immune system toward TH1 response

- reduces TH2 driven antibody responses to vaccines

Question 14

vitamin A reduced mortality from

Answer 14

• measles

- diarrhea

Question 15

obesity and inflammation

Answer 15

• associated with low grade chronic inflammation

Question 16

obesity and T cells

Answer 16

• alterations in T cell subsets

- linked to increases in TNF-alpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 17

obesity and thymus

Answer 17

• enhances thymic aging

- reduce T cell repertoire diversity

Question 18

cytokine levels and inflammatory markers

Answer 18

• much less in obese patients compared to others

Question 19

why are innate immune responses not normal in neonates?

Answer 19

• do not produce IL-12 at all

Question 20

why is cell-mediated immunity impaired in neonates

Answer 20

• decreased levels of receptors of dendritic cells

Question 21

maternal antibody positive impact

Answer 21

• facilitates better opsonization
• better uptake by phagocytes
• improved presentation of T cells and priming of B cells

Question 22

maternal antibody negative impact

Answer 22

• decreases efficacy of live organisms including vaccines

- IgG bound epitopes can hinder B cell priming

Question 23

breastmilk source of

Answer 23

• IgA
• IgM
• IgG

Question 24

deficiency of surface/costimulatory molecules leads to

Answer 24

• impairment of antiviral CD8 CTLs

Question 25

which antibody is slower to rise?

Answer 25

- IgA

Question 26

effects of aging on immune system

Answer 26

- reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus - diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 27

elderly individuals don't respond well to

Answer 27

- novel or previously encountered antigens

Question 28

primary cause of T cell dysfunction in the elderly

Answer 28

- thymic involution

Question 29

naive T cells in the elderly compared to younger people

Answer 29

- less functional in response to antigen than those in younger people

Question 30

representation of memory T cells versus naive T cells in elderly

Answer 30

- more memory than naive

Question 31

aging and B cell lymphopoiesis

Answer 31

- dampening of lymphopoiesis

Question 32

aging and CD4+ T cells

Answer 32

- reduced function and IL-2 production | - dampened costimulation

Question 33

elderly people and B cells

Answer 33

- reduced function | - blunted vaccine response

Question 34

elderly people and Ig heavy chains

Answer 34

- accumulate mutations in heavy chains in peripheral B cells

Question 35

aging and CD8 T cells

Answer 35

- narrowing of repertoire | - more memory cells

Question 36

aging and T cell cells

Answer 36

- retain some suppressive activity | - altered repertoire

Question 37

advanced age and dendritic cells

Answer 37

- change in differentiation and phenotype of dendritic cells

Question 38

aging and macrophages

Answer 38

- macrophages have reduced expression of MHC Class II

Question 39

aging and co-stimulation

Answer 39

- costimulation of dendritic cells | - impairs function of neutrophils

Question 40

aging and TLRs

Answer 40

- altered TLR 7,8,9

Question 41

aging and inflammation

Answer 41

- chronic low grade inflammation occurs with age