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IMM Exam 2 > Acquired Immune Deficiency > Flashcards

Acquired Immune Deficiency Flashcards

1
Q

acquired immune deficiency definition

A
  • defects in immune system not from genetic abnormalities
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2
Q

acquired immune deficiency’s come from

A
  • infections
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • other medical conditions or treatments
  • external stimuli
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3
Q

disorders of biochemical homeostasis definition

A
  • disorders that lead to chronic imbalance in hormones, nutrients, and toxic metabolic waste products in body fluids
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4
Q

disorders of biochemical homeostasis examples

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • dialysis and uremia
  • cirrhosis
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5
Q

diabetes mellitus disorders of biochemical homeostasis

A
  • decreased neutrophil function

- poor peripheral circulation

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6
Q

diabetes mellitus decreased neutrophil function related to

A
  • level of hyperglycemia
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7
Q

diabetes mellitus poor peripheral circulation results in

A
  • risk of skin ulcers

- decreased delivery of neutrophils to sites

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8
Q

diabetes mellitus usually infectious complications caused by

A
  • disseminated candidiasis/yeast and other fungi
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9
Q

hemodialysis results in

A
  • reduced T cell function
  • reduced Ig production
  • compromised neutrophil and dendritic function
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10
Q

peritoneal dialysis defects

A
  • changes in peritoneum

- peritoneal neutrophil function decreased

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11
Q

why is peritoneal neutrophil function decreased

A
  • removal of Ig and complement (opsonization factors) with the dialysate
  • protein loss
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12
Q

dialysis presence of catheter causes

A
  • increased risk of infection
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13
Q

cirrhosis liver dysfunction causes an increased risk of

A
  • bacterial sepsis

- peritonitis

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14
Q

etiology of cirrhosis immune problems

A
  • higher endogenous glucocorticoids

- low complement levels (complement made in liver)

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15
Q

disorders of protein loss

A
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • protein losing enteropathies
  • severe dermatitis
  • peritoneal dialysis
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16
Q

nephrotic syndrome loss of protein due to

A
  • loss through kidneys

- in urine

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17
Q

protein losing enteropathies due to

A
  • loss through GI tract

- stool

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18
Q

severe dermatitis loss of protein due to

A
  • loss through skin

- ooze through skin

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19
Q

any disease process with increased protein loss can lead to

A
  • hypogammaglobulinemia
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20
Q

hypogammaglobuliemia presents with what antibody levels

A
  • low IgG and IgA

- normal IgM

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21
Q

why normal IgM

A
  • too big of a molecule
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22
Q

how to determine if IgG levels are low due to protein los vs B cells?

A
  • urinalysis

- give IvIg and measure Ig in their blood per week

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23
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A
  • kidney disease with significant protein loss
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24
Q

result of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • low immunoglobulin

- depressed cellular immunity due to loss of vitamin D

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25
Q

treatment of nephrotic syndrome with immunosuppressive drugs

A
  • further increases risk of infection
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26
Q

infectious complications of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • recurrent respiratory tract infections
  • urinary tract infections
  • peritonitis
  • sepsis
  • WITH ENCAPSULATED BACTERIA
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27
Q

examples of protein-losing enteropathies?

A
  • IBD
  • celiac
  • intestinal lymphangiectasia
28
Q

trauma mechanism initiating cascade of immune effects

A
  • massive release of inflammatory cytokines (L-1, TNF) due to activation of monocytes and macrophages by products of cellular necrosis
29
Q

burn trauma versus mechanical trauma

A
  • greater immune suppression than mechanical trauma
30
Q

burns disrupt a large area of

A
  • nonspecific defense (the skin)
31
Q

disruption of nonspecific defense (the skin) results in

A
  • increased loss of fluids/proteins

- increased risk of infection

32
Q

environmental exposures

A
  • ionizing radiation
  • UV radiation
  • toxic chemicals
33
Q

examples of ionizing radiation

A
  • x rays

- gamma rays

34
Q

problem with ionization radiation

A
  • damages DNA and impaired cell division
35
Q

impaired cell division leads to

A
  • impaired immune function
36
Q

proteins that regulate cell division that may be impaired by somatic mutations

A
  • p53

- leads to malignant growth

37
Q

which cells most affected in ionizing radiation

A
  • B cells>T cells

- primary antibody response diminished

38
Q

tissues affected in ionizing radiation

A
  • nodes, spleen
39
Q

which cells recover more rapidly in ionizing radiation

A
  • T cell numbers
40
Q

most functions of mature, long-lived phagocytic cells and ionizing radiation

A
  • radiation-resistant
41
Q

radiation and damaged local barriers

A
  • increased susceptibility to infection

- ares with high rates of cellular division

42
Q

major determinant of risk for skin cancer

A
  • UVB radiation
43
Q

chronic sun exposure leads to

A
  • diminished function of all skin resident immune cells
44
Q

numerous toxic chemicals incriminated in causing harm to immune system gives rise to

A
  • discipline of immunotoxicology
45
Q

toxic effects more pronounced in

A
  • younger individuals
46
Q

etiology of splenectomy/hyposplenism

A
  • congenital asplenia
  • trauma or status post splenectomy
  • atrophy/non-functional spleen
47
Q

atrophy of spleen due to

A
  • sickle cell disease
48
Q

splectomy/hyposplenism leads to increased infection by

A
  • encapsulated organisms
49
Q

why greater risk of encapsulated organisms with splectomy/hyposplenism

A
  • macrophages in spleen best at taking out bacteria that are encapsulated
50
Q

what vaccines do you make sure the person has prior to removal of the spleen?

A
  • meningococcal and pneumococcal

- the encapsulated ones

51
Q

pregnancy immunosuppression leads to

A
  • higher incidence of certain infections depending on cellular immunity
52
Q

depressed cellular immunity during pregnancy benefit

A
  • reduce likelihood of maternal rejection of fetus
53
Q

infections due to major life stressed

A
  • higher rates of respiratory tract infections
  • reactivation of herpesvirus
  • increased incidence of cancer
54
Q

diminished function described in post-traumatic stress disorder

A
  • diminished cellular immune function
55
Q

cell depletions in stressed individuals

A
  • reduced NK cell activity

- depressed lymphocytqes mitogen responses

56
Q

morbidity and mortality of measles due to

A
  • signifiant immune suppression which leads to superinfection
57
Q

superinfection with measles common with

A
  • respiratory viruses
  • staph aureus
  • strep pneumo
58
Q

immune alterations induced by measles

A
  • T cell lymphopenia
  • diminished T cell proliferation
  • diminished antibody production
59
Q

T cell lymphopenia

A
  • deletion of T dependent areas of lymph nodes and spleen
60
Q

diminished in vitro proliferation with

A
  • mitogens

- alloantigens

61
Q

immune alternations of measles caused by

A
  • direct infection of T cells and dendritic cells by measles
62
Q

herpesvirus infections on immunity

A
  • transient depression of cell-mediated immunity
63
Q

example of herpesvirus that causes immune depression

A
  • CMV
64
Q

immune suppression from protozoan infection versus any other class of microbe

A
  • much more pronounced
65
Q

immune suppression from protozoan infection affects which part of immunity?

A
  • decreased cell-mediated immunity
66
Q

exception of bacterial infections that causes secondary immune suppression

A
  • superantigens
67
Q

result of superantigen

A
  • significant immune stimulation
  • but T cells eventually decrease
  • decreased neutrophil function

IMM Exam 2 (15 decks)

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