Vaccines

Question 1

active immunity

Answer 1

protection produced within the person
self-generated

results from:
- antigen exposure
- pathogen exposure
- natural infection
- vaccine induced immunity

Question 2

passive immunity

Answer 2

pre-formed protection
received externally
temporary
when immediate immunity is needed

Question 3

what are some examples of passive immunity?

Answer 3

outbreaks
post exposure prophylaxis
- rabies
- HIV
- Hep B

maternal antibodies
- protects baby for first 6 months

IgG for rabies

Question 4

vaccines

Answer 4

simulate immune response without causing disease

Question 5

what are the 2 outcomes of vaccines?

Answer 5

complete protection

partial protection (mild symptoms)

Question 6

vaccine induced immune responses (primary and secondary)

Answer 6

primary
- induced by vaccine
- slow
- few antibodies produced
- 7-14 days

secondary
- induced by prior exposure
- faster
- more antibodies produced
- 1-2 days

Question 7

when should you vaccinate before travelling?

Answer 7

7-14 days
length of primary vaccine induced immune response

Question 8

how do vaccines work?

Answer 8

1. contain weakened, inactivated or specific pathogen components
2. deliver antigens to immune system
3. activation of B and T cells
4. B cells produce antibodies, T cells destroy infected cells
5. memory B and T cells for for future immunity

Question 9

what are the 7 vaccine strategies?

Answer 9

1. live attenuated
2. inactivated (killed)
3. polysaccharides
4. toxoid
5. subunit
6. mRNA
7. recombinant

Question 10

live attenuated vaccine

Answer 10

weakened pathogen

Question 11

what vaccine produces the best immune response?

Answer 11

live attenuated

can replicate

Question 12

what are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 12

MMR
varicella
rotavirus
yellow fever

Question 13

what vaccines are contraindicated in immunocompromised and pregnancy?

Answer 13

live attenuated

Question 14

inactivated (killed) vaccine

Answer 14

contain pathogens killed with heat or chemicals

safer for immunocompromised (can’t replicate)

not as immunogenic (require boosters)

Question 15

what do inactivated vaccines often require?

Answer 15

boosters

Question 16

what are some examples of inactivated (killed vaccines)?

Answer 16

hep A

influenza

Question 17

polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 17

outer coating of bacteria

short-lived immunity

Question 18

what are some examples of polysaccharide vaccines?

Answer 18

Hep B

pneumococcus

meningococcus

Question 19

toxoid vaccine

Answer 19

inactivated bacterial toxins

Question 20

what are some examples of toxoid vaccine?

Answer 20

diptheria
pertussis
tetanus

Question 21

subunit vaccine

Answer 21

specific pathogen protein pieces

Question 22

what are some examples of subunit vaccines?

Answer 22

pertussis
pneumococcus

Question 23

mRNA vaccine

Answer 23

instructs cell to produce viral protein

Question 24

what is an example of an mRNA vaccine?

Answer 24

COVID

Question 25

recombinant vector vaccine

Answer 25

uses harmless bacteria/virus as vector

Question 26

what is an example of a recombinant vector vaccine?

Answer 26

Hep B

Question 27

what are some characteristics of a good viral vector?

Answer 27

stable safe immunogenic doesn't integrate into host DNA

Question 28

what are some properties of a good vaccine?

Answer 28

stable easy to transport long-term protection cost effective

Question 29

individual vaccine protection

Answer 29

protects vaccinated person

Question 30

community vaccine protection (herd immunity)

Answer 30

reduces risk of transmission among population requires 70-90% of population to be vaccinated to stop the spread

Question 31

herd immunity is not effective for ___________________

Answer 31

respiratory tract infections

Question 32

what is the herd immunity threshold for measles?

Answer 32

95%

Question 33

what is the herd immunity threshold for pertussis?

Answer 33

94%

Question 34

what factors influence vaccine efficacy?

Answer 34

compliance environment population density immune status infectiousness of disease

Question 35

vaccines are the most _____________________________-intervention

Answer 35

effective public health intervention

Question 36

what diseases were eradicated with vaccines?

Answer 36

smallpox rinderpest