UTIs Flashcards
what is cystitis?
bladder infection
what is pyelonephritis?
kidney infection
what is urethritis?
urethra inflammation
how do UTIs occur?
organisms move from perianal region to urethra
does bacteruria require antibiotics?
no
why do catheters increase risk of UTIs?
prone to biofilms
lead to continuous seeding
urine gets contaminated with bacteria from catheter
what are some UTI symptoms?
urgency
frequency
pyuria (WBCs in urine)
pain
fevers (not with cystitis)
what are some risk factors for complicated UTIs?
males
indwelling catheters
urinary trat abnormalities
antibiotic exposure (disrupts normal microbiome)
why does age increase risk for UTIs?
decreased bladder tone
altered pH
change in flora
why are young children at risk for UTIs?
lack of hygiene
poor wiping
most UTIs are ___________________
monomicrobial
what organisms cause UTIs?
E. coli
klebsiela pneumoniae
proteus mirabilis
enterococcus faecalis
staphylococcus saprophyticus
if staphylococcus saprophyticus is the cause of a UTI in a child, what is suspected?
exposure via sexual contact
(sexual abuse)
how are UTIs diagnosed?
bacteria counts
(to differentiate asymptomatic bactiuria vs UTI)
what bacteria count would constitute a UTI?
10-100 x 10^6/mL
why are UTIs difficult to diagnose?
time urine is in bladder alters bacteria count
antibiotic use
collection method error
storage conditions
what do urine dipsticks measure?
pyuria and nitrites
uncomplicated UTIs occur in __________
healthy adult, non-pregnant women
how should urine be collected from an indwelling catheter?
- remove catheter
- clean site
- in and out catheter
- replace indwelling catheter
what is asymptomatic bacteruria?
colonization of bacteria in bladder
NOT an infection
when is asymptomatic bacteruria treated? how?
pregnancy
trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
ciprofloxacin
ampiciillin
how should urine be collected? why?
midstream
first part of stream flushes out bacteria
How quickly should urine be sent to the lab? Why?
within 2 hours of collection
if not, should be stored in fridge and transported within 24 hours
to avoid replication of bacteria
how are UTIs treated?
high dose antibiotics for 3 days
how is a nonuropathic bacteruria treated?
not treated
1 organism
< 10 colonies
< 10 x 10^6 colony count
report no significant growth
1 organism
> 10 colonies
> 10 x 10^6 colony count
report ID ad sensitivity
2 organisms
> 100 colonies
> 100 x 10^6 colony count
report ID and sensitivity (for both)
2 organisms
one = > 100 colonies, > 100 x 10^6 colony count
one = < 100 colonies, < 100 x 10^6 colony count
report ID and sensitivity for one
ignore the other
2 organisms
< 100 colonies
< 100 x 10^6 colony count
report no significant growth
3 organisms
< 100 colonies
report o significant growth
no workup
3 organisms
> 100 colonies
no work up
mixed material flora
What are some symptoms of vaginosis?
increased vaginal discharge
painful intercourse
painful urination
what causes bacterial vaginosis?
alterations in vaginal flora or microbiota
NORMAL: good bacteria (lactobacillus) > bad bacteria (anaerobes)
What are some characteristics of bacterial vaginosis?
thin, white-green vaginal discharge
foul smelling odour
vaginal itching
burning during urination
how is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?
absence of gram positive bacilli (lactobacillus)
increased gram negative bacilli (clue cells)
what are some risk factors for bacterial vaginosis?
multiple sex partners
women-women sex
douching
natural lack of lactobacilli
what are some complications associated with bacterial vaginosis?
preterm births
low birth weight
pelvic inflammatory disease
increased risk of STIs
what is yeast vagnitis?
overgrowth of yeast in vaginal tract
what are some symptoms of yeast vaginitis?
itching
irritation
thick or watery discharge
what are some risk factors for yeast vaginitis?
antibiotics
pregnancy
uncontrolled diabetes
impaired immune system
oral contraceptives
