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EENT Flashcards

1
Q

what is conjunctivitis?

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

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2
Q

mucous membrane of eyes

A

columnar epithelial cells

lubricate eyes

prevent pathogen entry

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3
Q

what are the (3) types of causes of conjunctivitis?

A
  1. bacterial
  2. viral
  3. non-infectious
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4
Q

what are some risk factors for conjunctivitis?

A

exposure to someone with conjunctivitis

poor care of contact lenses

allergens

trauma

previous ocular infections

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5
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of conjunctivitis?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

Influenza

S. aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

chlamidyia

neisseria gonnorhoea

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6
Q

what are the VIRAL causes of conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus

enterovirus

varicella zoster

HSV

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7
Q

how do you determine whether conjunctivitis is bacterial or viral?

A

gram stain + culture

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8
Q

how is BACTERIAL conjunctivitis treated?

A

antibiotics

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9
Q

how is VIRAL conjunctivitis treated?

A

supportive care
(unless caused by HSV)

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10
Q

what causes otitis externa?

A

pseudomonas spp

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11
Q

how is otitis exerna treated?

A

alcohol based drying of the area

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12
Q

what are the procedures if otitis externa is extensive?

A

culture and sensitivity

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13
Q

what is otitis media?

A

middle ear infection

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14
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of otitis media?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

influenza

moraxella catarrhalis

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15
Q

wha are the VIRAL causes of otitis media?

A

RSV

influenza

adenovirus

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16
Q

how is otitis media diagnosed?

A

otoscope o check for inflammation

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17
Q

most pharyngitis is _________

A

viral

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18
Q

what are the VIRAL causes of pharyngitis?

A

HSV
EBV
SAARS-CoV-2
influenza
RSV
adenovirus

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19
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of pharyngitis?

A

group A strep pyogenes

chlamidyia

neisseria gonorrhoea

corynebacterium diphtheria

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20
Q

when should you suspect abuse with pharyngitis? why?

A

if sore throat in children is caused by:

  1. neisseria gonorrhoea
  2. corynebacterium diphtheria

STIs

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21
Q

how is pharyngitis diagnosed?

A

throat swab (for Group A Strep)
PCR
culture

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22
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein Barr Virus

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23
Q

What can mononucleosis cause?

A

Enlarged spleen

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24
Q

How is mononucleosis diagnosed?

A

MonoSpot test

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25
Q

What is the difference between URTIs and LRTIs

A

Upper: acute, less severe, lungs unaffected, don’t require hospitalization

Lower: more severe, affects lungs

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26
Q

What is the major URTI?

A

Tracheobronchitis

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27
Q

What are the 2 major LRTIs?

A

Pneumonia
Tuberculosis

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of pneumonia?

A

HAP
CAP

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29
Q

What is the #1 cause of HAP?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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30
Q

What are the first and second most common causes of CAP?

A
  1. Strep pneumoniae
  2. H. Influenza
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31
Q

What is tracheobronchitis?

A

Inflammation of trachea and bronchi

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32
Q

What are the common names/types of tracheobronchitis?

A

Croup
Laryngitis
Bronchitis

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33
Q

What are the viral causes of tracheobronchitis?

A

RSV
Influenza
Parainfluenza

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34
Q

What is the bacterial cause of tracheobronchitis?

A

Bordée telle pertussis

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35
Q

What does bordetella pertussis cause?

A

Whooping cough

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36
Q

Bordetella pertussis is vaccine preventable. Why did we have a major outbreak last year?

A

Newborns couldn’t get vaccinated during COVID

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37
Q

Why is Influenza considered the scariest virus?

A

Very virulent
Knocks you off your feet
Know when you’re positive
Mutates very quickly

38
Q

What are the seasons for Influenza in North America? What about in the tropics?

A

NA: fall and winter
Tropics: year round

39
Q

What are the virulence factors for Influenza?

A

Paralyze cilia
Antigenic drift
Antigenic shift

40
Q

What does parainfluenza cause in children?

A

Croup
(Inflammation of larynx)

41
Q

What does parainfluenza virus cause in OLDER children?

A

Bronchitis

42
Q

What does it mean for a diagnosis to be “clinical”

A

Diagnosis based on symptoms vs lab tests

43
Q

How is parainfluenza diagnosed?

A

Clinically, unless hospitalized

44
Q

How is parainfluenza (croup, bronchitis) treated?

A

No treatment

45
Q

RSV is the exact same as _________

A

Parainfluenza virus

46
Q

What does RSV cause?

A

Bronchitis

47
Q

When do RSV outbreaks occur?

A

Fall and winter

48
Q

Severe RSV can lead to ____________

49
Q

How are influenza and RSV detected?

A
  1. Nasopharyngeal swab
  2. Rapid antigen detection (RSV only)
  3. Viral culture
  4. PCR
50
Q

Bordetella is highly __________

A

Contagious

51
Q

How is bordetella pertussis transmitted?

52
Q

How is bordetella pertussis prevented?

A

Tdap vaccine

53
Q

Bordetella pertussis is a gram __________ organism

A

Gram negative

54
Q

How is bordetella pertussis diagnosed?

A

PCR of nasopharyngeal swab

55
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection and inflammation of the lungs

56
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Fever
SOB
cough

57
Q

Pneumonia is most serious in ___________ and ___________

A

Elderly
Infants

58
Q

What are the causes of CAP? Which is the most common?

A

Strep pneumoniae*
Haemophilus Influenzae
Legionella penumophila
Chlamidyphila pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
S. Aureus
Other gram negative bacilli

59
Q

What is another name for mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Walking pneumonia

60
Q

How is mycoplasma pneumoniae treated? What can’t be used?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Can’t use beta lactams (no cell wall)

61
Q

How is CAP diagnosed?

A

Sputum specimen
NOT SALIVA

Blood culture

62
Q

What is the difference between sputum and saliva for CAP diagnosis?

A

Sputum: from bottom of RT, high WBCs
Saliva: from mouth, low WBCs

63
Q

What does atypical CAP look like?

A

Less sputum production
Dry hacking cough

64
Q

What clues do they look for when diagnosing CAP?

A

Age
Travel
Animal exposure
Outbreaks

65
Q

What are the 2 common causes of atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila

66
Q

How does mycoplasma pneumoniae spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

67
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no ___________

68
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is often called the __________

A

100 day cough

69
Q

How is mycoplasma pneumoniae detected?

A

Culture
PCR
Serology

70
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydophila pneumoniae?

A

Malaise
Dry cough

71
Q

How is chlamidophylia pneumoniae diagnosed?

72
Q

What is legionella pneumophila?

A

Gram negative bacilli

73
Q

Where is legionella pneumophila found?

A

Water
Water towers
Air conditioners
Hot tubs

74
Q

Who is most at risk for legionella pneumophila?

A

Elderly
Smokers
COPD

75
Q

How does legionella pneumophila grow?

76
Q

How is legionella pneumophila diagnosed?

A

Urinary antigen (only detects serogroup 1)
PCR

77
Q

What 2 questions should be considered when diagnosing pneumonia?

A
  1. Time of year
    - RSV and Influenza are seasonal in NA, but year round in tropics
  2. One case or an outbreak?
78
Q

What is the #1 cause of VAP?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

79
Q

How is VAP diagnosed?

A

Blood cultures
Suctioning
Bronchial washing

80
Q

Generally, what kinds of organisms are known to cause VAP?

A

Very resistant
Have intrinsic resistance
Produce biofilms

81
Q

How does putting a tube in cause pneumonia?

A

Transport URT normal flora to new area

82
Q

What are the causes of early onset VAP?

A

Haemophilus influenza
Streptococcus pneumoniae
S. Aureus
E. Coli
Klebsiella

83
Q

What are the causes of late onset VAP?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MRSA

84
Q

Early onset causes of VAP are ____________ to antibiotics

85
Q

Late onset causes of VAP are ____________ to antibiotics

86
Q

Most TB infections are __________

87
Q

Where is TB most prevalent?

A

Northern canada

88
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Fluroquinolones

89
Q

How is TB spread?

A

Respiratory droplets
Remain suspended in air for up to 8 hours

90
Q

What are the precautions for TB?

A

Airborne

With negative pressure room

91
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Culture (takes several weeks)

TB skin test (detects antibodies if exposed)

Chest x-ray (detects latent infection)

Direct smears (not sensitive, but fast and specific)

PCR (if smear is positive)

92
Q

How long is TB treatment?

A

6-9 months

MICR 121 (16 decks)

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