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EENT Flashcards

1
Q

what is conjunctivitis?

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

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2
Q

mucous membrane of eyes

A

columnar epithelial cells

lubricate eyes

prevent pathogen entry

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3
Q

what are the (3) types of causes of conjunctivitis?

A
  1. bacterial
  2. viral
  3. non-infectious
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4
Q

what are some risk factors for conjunctivitis?

A

exposure to someone with conjunctivitis

poor care of contact lenses

allergens

trauma

previous ocular infections

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5
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of conjunctivitis?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

Influenza

S. aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

chlamidyia

neisseria gonnorhoea

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6
Q

what are the VIRAL causes of conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus

enterovirus

varicella zoster

HSV

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7
Q

how do you determine whether conjunctivitis is bacterial or viral?

A

gram stain + culture

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8
Q

how is BACTERIAL conjunctivitis treated?

A

antibiotics

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9
Q

how is VIRAL conjunctivitis treated?

A

supportive care
(unless caused by HSV)

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10
Q

what causes otitis externa?

A

pseudomonas spp

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11
Q

how is otitis exerna treated?

A

alcohol based drying of the area

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12
Q

what are the procedures if otitis externa is extensive?

A

culture and sensitivity

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13
Q

what is otitis media?

A

middle ear infection

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14
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of otitis media?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

influenza

moraxella catarrhalis

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15
Q

wha are the VIRAL causes of otitis media?

A

RSV

influenza

adenovirus

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16
Q

how is otitis media diagnosed?

A

otoscope o check for inflammation

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17
Q

most pharyngitis is _________

A

viral

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18
Q

what are the VIRAL causes of pharyngitis?

A

HSV
EBV
SAARS-CoV-2
influenza
RSV
adenovirus

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19
Q

what are the BACTERIAL causes of pharyngitis?

A

group A strep pyogenes

chlamidyia

neisseria gonorrhoea

corynebacterium diphtheria

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20
Q

when should you suspect abuse with pharyngitis? why?

A

if sore throat in children is caused by:

  1. neisseria gonorrhoea
  2. corynebacterium diphtheria

STIs

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21
Q

how is pharyngitis diagnosed?

A

throat swab (for Group A Strep)
PCR
culture

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22
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein Barr Virus

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23
Q

What can mononucleosis cause?

A

Enlarged spleen

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24
Q

How is mononucleosis diagnosed?

A

MonoSpot test

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25
What is the difference between URTIs and LRTIs
Upper: acute, less severe, lungs unaffected, don’t require hospitalization Lower: more severe, affects lungs
26
What is the major URTI?
Tracheobronchitis
27
What are the 2 major LRTIs?
Pneumonia Tuberculosis
28
What are the 2 types of pneumonia?
HAP CAP
29
What is the #1 cause of HAP?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
30
What are the first and second most common causes of CAP?
1. Strep pneumoniae 2. H. Influenza
31
What is tracheobronchitis?
Inflammation of trachea and bronchi
32
What are the common names/types of tracheobronchitis?
Croup Laryngitis Bronchitis
33
What are the viral causes of tracheobronchitis?
RSV Influenza Parainfluenza
34
What is the bacterial cause of tracheobronchitis?
Bordée telle pertussis
35
What does bordetella pertussis cause?
Whooping cough
36
Bordetella pertussis is vaccine preventable. Why did we have a major outbreak last year?
Newborns couldn’t get vaccinated during COVID
37
Why is Influenza considered the scariest virus?
Very virulent Knocks you off your feet Know when you’re positive Mutates very quickly
38
What are the seasons for Influenza in North America? What about in the tropics?
NA: fall and winter Tropics: year round
39
What are the virulence factors for Influenza?
Paralyze cilia Antigenic drift Antigenic shift
40
What does parainfluenza cause in children?
Croup (Inflammation of larynx)
41
What does parainfluenza virus cause in OLDER children?
Bronchitis
42
What does it mean for a diagnosis to be “clinical”
Diagnosis based on symptoms vs lab tests
43
How is parainfluenza diagnosed?
Clinically, unless hospitalized
44
How is parainfluenza (croup, bronchitis) treated?
No treatment
45
RSV is the exact same as _________
Parainfluenza virus
46
What does RSV cause?
Bronchitis
47
When do RSV outbreaks occur?
Fall and winter
48
Severe RSV can lead to ____________
Pneumonia
49
How are influenza and RSV detected?
1. Nasopharyngeal swab 2. Rapid antigen detection (RSV only) 3. Viral culture 4. PCR
50
Bordetella is highly __________
Contagious
51
How is bordetella pertussis transmitted?
Droplets
52
How is bordetella pertussis prevented?
Tdap vaccine
53
Bordetella pertussis is a gram __________ organism
Gram negative
54
How is bordetella pertussis diagnosed?
PCR of nasopharyngeal swab
55
What is pneumonia?
Infection and inflammation of the lungs
56
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever SOB cough
57
Pneumonia is most serious in ___________ and ___________
Elderly Infants
58
What are the causes of CAP? Which is the most common?
Strep pneumoniae* Haemophilus Influenzae Legionella penumophila Chlamidyphila pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae S. Aureus Other gram negative bacilli
59
What is another name for mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Walking pneumonia
60
How is mycoplasma pneumoniae treated? What can’t be used?
Protein synthesis inhibitors Can’t use beta lactams (no cell wall)
61
How is CAP diagnosed?
Sputum specimen NOT SALIVA Blood culture
62
What is the difference between sputum and saliva for CAP diagnosis?
Sputum: from bottom of RT, high WBCs Saliva: from mouth, low WBCs
63
What does atypical CAP look like?
Less sputum production Dry hacking cough
64
What clues do they look for when diagnosing CAP?
Age Travel Animal exposure Outbreaks
65
What are the 2 common causes of atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila
66
How does mycoplasma pneumoniae spread?
Respiratory droplets
67
Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no ___________
Cell wall
68
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is often called the __________
100 day cough
69
How is mycoplasma pneumoniae detected?
Culture PCR Serology
70
What are the symptoms of chlamydophila pneumoniae?
Malaise Dry cough
71
How is chlamidophylia pneumoniae diagnosed?
Only PCR
72
What is legionella pneumophila?
Gram negative bacilli
73
Where is legionella pneumophila found?
Water Water towers Air conditioners Hot tubs
74
Who is most at risk for legionella pneumophila?
Elderly Smokers COPD
75
How does legionella pneumophila grow?
Poorly
76
How is legionella pneumophila diagnosed?
Urinary antigen (only detects serogroup 1) PCR
77
What 2 questions should be considered when diagnosing pneumonia?
1. Time of year - RSV and Influenza are seasonal in NA, but year round in tropics 2. One case or an outbreak?
78
What is the #1 cause of VAP?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
79
How is VAP diagnosed?
Blood cultures Suctioning Bronchial washing
80
Generally, what kinds of organisms are known to cause VAP?
Very resistant Have intrinsic resistance Produce biofilms
81
How does putting a tube in cause pneumonia?
Transport URT normal flora to new area
82
What are the causes of early onset VAP?
Haemophilus influenza Streptococcus pneumoniae S. Aureus E. Coli Klebsiella
83
What are the causes of late onset VAP?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MRSA
84
Early onset causes of VAP are ____________ to antibiotics
Sensitive
85
Late onset causes of VAP are ____________ to antibiotics
Resistant
86
Most TB infections are __________
Latent
87
Where is TB most prevalent?
Northern canada
88
How is TB treated?
Fluroquinolones
89
How is TB spread?
Respiratory droplets Remain suspended in air for up to 8 hours
90
What are the precautions for TB?
Airborne With negative pressure room
91
How is TB diagnosed?
Culture (takes several weeks) TB skin test (detects antibodies if exposed) Chest x-ray (detects latent infection) Direct smears (not sensitive, but fast and specific) PCR (if smear is positive)
92
How long is TB treatment?
6-9 months

MICR 121 (16 decks)

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