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MICR 121 > HSV/HIV/Trichomonas Vaginalis > Flashcards

HSV/HIV/Trichomonas Vaginalis Flashcards

1
Q

How are STIs spread?

A

sexual intercourse

oral-genital contact

IV drugs (needle sharing)

congenital (mom to baby)

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2
Q

biologically, who is more prone to STIs?

A

women

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3
Q

is there a vaccine for HSV?

A

no

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4
Q

is there a vaccine for HIV?

A

no

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5
Q

is there a vaccine for HPV?

A

yes

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6
Q

what are some REALISTIC harm reduction strategies for STIs?

A

safe sex (condoms)

reduce number of sexual partners

monogamous relationships

vaccination

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7
Q

what is the most common STI?

A

HPV

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8
Q

most cases of HPV are ______________

A

asymptomatic

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9
Q

do condoms work for HPV?

A

NO

HPV infects epithelial cells on shaft, scrotum and surrounding tissue

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10
Q

what does HPV cause?

A

genital worts

cervical cancer

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11
Q

most cases of cervical cancer are caused by ___________

A

HPV

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12
Q

what is the HPV incubation period?

A

3 months - several years

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13
Q

when do children start getting vaccinated for HPV? why?

A

Grade 8 - Grade 12
before they’re sexually active

preventative
unlikely to be sexually active at this age
doesn’t work against HPV you already have

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14
Q

how is HPV transmitted?

A

sexual contact

skin to skin contact with infected person

contact with mucous membrane

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15
Q

is insertive sex required for HPV transmission?

A

NO

just contact

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16
Q

what factors influence exposure to HPV?

A

sex (females)

age (15-24)

age of first sexual intercourse

co-infections

circumcision

condoms

number of partners

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17
Q

when does HPV prevalence rise? when does it decline?

A

around age of sexual activity onset

declines with age

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18
Q

What type of HPV causes most cervical cancer cases?

A

16/18

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19
Q

What type of HPV causes most genital wart cases?

A

6/11

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20
Q

HPV is a predominantly ____________ virus (life cycle)

A

lysogenic

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21
Q

explain the mechanism of HPV disease (6)

A
  1. micro abrasions in mucosa
  2. infects basal keratinocytes
  3. differentiates to distal mucosa
  4. viral assembly
  5. infectious virus shed

OR

  1. chromosomal integration*
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22
Q

which step of HPV infection causes cervical cancer?

A

DNA integration into basal keratinocytes

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23
Q

Following HPV infection, how long does it take for cervical cancer to develop?
when do we typically see women getting cervical cancer?

A

5-20 years

get it in their 40s

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24
Q

HPV is considered reversible if caught at what phases?

A

CIN1 and CIN2

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25
why is serology not effective for HPV?
high level of seroprevalence
26
how is HPV diagnosed?
clinical signs PAP smear culture PCR
27
what does the PAP smear detect?
changes in epithelial cells
28
How is HPV treated?
local therapy - immune enhancers (imiquimod) liquid nitrogen surgical removal of warts
29
how is HPV prevented?
vaccine
30
The HPV vaccine prevents what strains?
6 11 16 18
31
What kind of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?
recombinant proteins form virus-like particles of L1 protein - noninfectious - not live
32
How did Canada and Australia differ with their vaccination approach for HPV?
Canada: only vaccinated girls because boys couldn't get cervical cancer Australia: vaccinated girls and boys because boys can be VECTORS for HPV
33
Is HSV a DNA or RNA virus? Is it stable or unstable?
Very stable DNA virus
34
Which HSV virus is more prevalent?
HSV-1
35
What does HSV-1 cause?
cold sores (above the belt)
36
What does HSV-2 cause?
genital warts (below the belt)
37
Can you get genital presentations with HSV-1?
YES
38
Can you get oral presentations with HSV-2?
YES
39
Why is HSV-1 painful?
neurotropic - found in nerves
40
When is HSV contagious?
before and after lesions
41
Where does HSV remain dormant?
ganglia of sensory nerve fibers
42
The ONLY natural hosts of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are _________
humans
43
How long are you infected with HSV?
lifelong with periodic infections
44
Where does HSV replicate? How long does this take?
host cell nucleus 8-16 hours
45
HSV viruses are ______tropic and ________invasive
neurotropic neuroinvasive
46
what are the 5 stages of a cold sore?
Day 1-2: tingling Day 2-3: blister Day 4: ulcer Day 5-6: scabbing Day 8-10: cold sore
47
How is HSV transmitted?
contact with mucous membrane
48
Most HSV transmission occurs when individuals are __________
asymptomatic
49
what causes HSV reactivation?
environmental stressors sunlight
50
Do lesions have to be ACTIVE for HSV transmission?
NO
51
what are the major symptoms for HSV?
blister-like rash itching sores
52
What is the most serious complication of HSV?
vira meningitis
53
How is HSV treated?
antivirals (acyclovir) - not curative -prevent and shorten outbreaks - decreases risk of transmission
54
What can be used to treat HSV-1 cold sores?
topicals
55
Primary episodes of HSV-2 are ________________ than recurrences
more severe
56
If active HSV-2 lesions are present during labour ______________ is recommended
C-section
57
What is herpetic whitlow?
uncommon form of HSV acquire lesion on finger from tapping needle when suturing common in dentists and surgeons
58
How is HSV diagnosed?
1) viral culture for lesions - able to differentiate HSV-1 and HSV-2 2) multiplex PCR for lesions
59
what kind of virus is HIV?
enveloped single stranded positive sense RNA virus
60
If HIV is not detectable, it is ____________
untransmissable
61
How does HIV spread?
contact with bodily fluids - genital (sexually) - blood (needle injuries)
62
Can HIV spread by kissing?
NO
63
What does HIV lead to?
AIDS
64
HIV has a tropism for what cell type?
CD4+ T cells
65
Where does HIV replicate?
CD4 T cells and macrophages
66
The highest # of people with HIV are in ___________
Sub-Saharan Africa
67
What factors affect HIV transmission?
viraal load amount of CD4+ T cels in HIV negative person Co-infections type of sex
68
what type of sex increases risk of HIV? why?
anal more target cells
69
what CD4+ count is considered AIDS?
< 200
70
What are the 3 stages of HIV?
1. acute infection 2. clinical latency 3. AIDS
71
What is involved in the acute infection stage of HIV?
flu-like symptoms response to initial contact with virus high viral load
72
What is involved in the clinical latency stage of HIV?
asymptomatic minor infections could last for several years declining CD4 T cell count
73
Where does HIV replicate?
mucosal sites - genital tracts
74
When are you most likely to transmit HIV?
early phase of infection - viral load is highest - asymptomatic
75
What happens when you are co-infected wth an STI and HIV?
each STI episode or reactivation causes increased HIV RNA levels (viral load) increased viral load = increased spread
76
Why does HIV replication spike when infected with STIs?
STI activates more CD4+ T cels more active CD4+ T ces for HIV to target
77
What factors increase risk of sexual HIV transmission?
anything that alters via load in blood anything that alters gent viral load stage of infection (early > late)
78
What factors increase risk of acquiring HIV?
number of target cells at site of exposure immune activation - mucosa or body wide tissue type
79
How is HIV diagnosed?
EIA detection of p24 antigen and gp120 antibody if EIA is positive, confirm with western blot
80
how long does it take for HIV antibodies to develop? what does this mean for diagnosis?
10-14 days could be infected but test negative for up to 10 days
81
What causes trichomonas vaginalis?
protozoa
82
How is trichomonads vaginalis transmitted?
sexual intercourse
83
trichomonas vaginalis îs only visible when ______________
its moving
84
most cases of trichomonas vaginalis are ________________
asymptomatic
85
who is most commonly infected with trichomonas vaginalis?
older women
86
how is trichomonal vaginalis diagnosed?
vaginal wet mount - look for motile protozoa

MICR 121 (16 decks)

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