Overcoming Host Immune System Flashcards
what are primary pathogens?
ALWAYS cause disease
things that we don’t carry in our normal flora
what are 3 examples of primary pathogens?
N. gonorrhoea
Ebola
HIV
what are potential pathogens?
sometime cause disease
depends on time and place
normal in some areas, not in others
what is an example of a potential pathogen?
E. coli
normal in gu
what is a non-pathogen?
NEVER cause disease
unless its the “wrong” patient
what is an example of a non-pathogen?
lactobacillus
what are virulence factors?
help organism cause disease or evade immune responses
what are 3 examples of virulence factors?
toxin production
capsule
biiofilm
above the belt
gram positives
below the belt
gram negatives
normal flora of the skin
staphylococci
corynebacteria (diphtheroids)
normal flora of the respiratory tract
staphylococcus
S. pneumo
S. epidermis
viridian streptococcus
H. influenzae
anaerobes
why does the oral flora change hen teeth come in?
get. more anaerobic bacteria which produce gases
is the upper GI mostly aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
is the lower GI mostly aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
normal flora of the GI tract is mostly __________
gram negatives
normal flora of the GI
enterococcus
E. coli
klebsiella
Streptococcus
lactobacillus
candida
normal flora of the GU tract
lactobacillus
GBS
the bladder is ________
sterile
in females, the normal flora of the GU tract is similar to _____________, except during ___________
skin flora
except during puberty
what I the leading cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea?
C. diff
how do antibiotics lead to C. diff?
wipe out normal flora allowing C. diff spores to colonize gut
dysbiosis of the vaginal tract increases risk for _________
bacterial vaginosis
what is a sign of bacterial vaginosis?
absence of lactobacillus
presence of clue cells
what are the non-specific hot defenses of the eyes?
blinking
tears
what are the non-specific hot defenses of the skin?
normal flora
structural barroer
weat
what are the non-specific defenses of the respiratory tract?
normal flora
coughing
sneezing
mucociliary elevator
what are the non-specific defenses of the GI tract?
normal flora
acidity
what are the non-specific defenses of the GU tract?
normal flora
acidity
peeing
what are the 2 type of immunity?
are they specific/non-specific?
do they have memory?
- innate: nonspecific + no memory
- adaptive: specific + memory
what are the 2 lines of innate immunity?
- barriers
- immune response
what is involved in the second line of defence (innate immunity)?
inflammation
fever
neutrophils
phagocytes
natural killer cells
what is involved in he adaptive immune response?
T cells receive message from phagocytes
T cells attack infected cells and inform B cells
B cells produce antibodies
memory cells are produced and stored
what is the speed of response for innate immunity?
rapid
what is the speed of response for adaptive immunity?
initially: slow
subsequent infection: fast
what’re the 2 types of antibodies produced by B cells?
- IgM = early, short lived
- IgG = late, long lived
what is the only type of antibody that can be transmitted transplacentally?
IgG
where are biofilms often formed?
prosthetic devices
what do biofilms prevent?
penetration of antibiotics
what do biofilms facilitate?
quorum sensing
bacterial communication
what are capsules?
thick polysaccharide layer
help bacteria avoid phagocytosis
what is a more effective mechanism of immune evasion?
toxic production
what are the 3 types of toxins?
endotoxins
exotoxins
exotoxins (gut)
what are 3 examples of bacteria that produce toxins?
C. diff
S. aureus
GAS
antigenic DRIFT
gradual changes
result from mutations
vaccine is effective for new strain
antigenic SHIFT
major changes
results from strains combining to form new subtypes
vaccine will not work
antigenic drift and shift is common with the _________ virus
influenza
