Vaccines

Question 1

what is variolation

Answer 1

intentionally exposing someone to a weak form of the smallpox virus to cause a mild case that would lead to immunity

Question 2

what did Edward Jenner do to vaccinate people against smallpox

Answer 2

inoculated a boy with cowpox virus to give him immunity to smallpox(created the first vaccine)

Question 3

what role did Pasteur have in advancing vaccines

Answer 3

Attenuated Bacterial Vaccine

-cholera and anthrax vaccines discovered how to weaken a disease to administer a safe vaccine

Question 4

what is the principle of vaccination

Answer 4

administration of a formula to induce pathogen specific adaptive immunity and memory B and T cells

Question 5

what infectious diseases have been eradicated

Answer 5

smallpox
rhinderpest

Question 6

what are the goals of vaccination

Answer 6

-increase resistance to infection
reduce probability of developing clinical disease/reduce symptoms
-reduce transmission of disease
establish herd immunity

Question 7

what is herd immunity

Answer 7

protecting a whole community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of the population

Question 8

what are characteristics of ideal vaccine

Answer 8

-long term protective immunity
-one/few doses needed
-safe
-retains activity at different temps(stable)
-easy administration
-suitable for max vaccination(any age or immuno capabilities)
-easy to manufacture on large scale
-low cost

Question 9

what US government agency regulates human vaccines

Answer 9

FDA

Question 10

common(local) adverse effects to vaccines

Answer 10

swelling
pain/soreness

Question 11

how was the myth of autism from vaccines fabricated

Answer 11

Andrew Wakefield’s scientific fraud
in 1998 scientist published a paper on a link between MMR vaccine and autism, it was later fully retracted by 2010

Question 12

how is the anti-vaccine movement a threat to public health

Answer 12

lessens ability for herd immunity and allows for spread of disease

Question 13

describe Pasteurs Cholera vaccine experiment

Answer 13

he gave a chicken an injection of an aged/weak version of the disease(pasteurella multocida) noticed it remained healthy, then gave it an injection of the full strength disease and noticed that it didnt die to to the previous weak injection

Question 14

what does the R0 equation indicate

Answer 14

the average ability to the spread of an infectious disease

Question 15

what disease is most spreadable? least?

Answer 15

most: measles(11-18)
least: seasonal flu(1.3)

Question 16

critical mass immunization needed for measles herd immunity

Answer 16

95% immunization

Question 17

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 17

weakened form of the pathogen

Question 18

inactivated vaccines

Answer 18

killed form of the pathogen

Question 19

subunit vaccines

Answer 19

purified proteins of the pathogen

Question 20

recombinant vectored vaccines

Answer 20

harmless viruses producing proteins of the pathogen

Question 21

DNA/RNA vaccines

Answer 21

DNA or mRNA coding for the proteins of the pathogen

Question 22

what protein allows for viruses to bind

Answer 22

spike protein

Question 23

where were inactivated virus vaccines used for covid

Answer 23

china and russia

Question 24

where was a DNA vaccine used for covid

Answer 24

india

Question 25

what vaccine type works well for rural areas

Answer 25

subunit vaccine

Question 26

rare(systematic) adverse effects of vaccination

Answer 26

transient fever malaise anaphylaxis

Question 27

what is Guillian-Barre syndrom

Answer 27

rare autoimmune neurological disorder triggered by some viral and bacterial infections (some viral vaccines may increase risk of it)

Question 28

contributing factors to vaccine hesitancy

Answer 28

-negative beliefs based on myths -misinformation -mistrust of healthcare system -influential leaders -cost -safety concerns