Emerging Diseases Flashcards
what type of disease is rinderpest(viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.)
virus
what vaccination campaign officially eradicated rinderpest
PACE(pan African campaign for control of epizootics
who created a rinderpest vaccine that could last a week at room temp
Jeffrey Mariner
what year was rinderpest declared eradicated
2011
emerging disease definition
infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or one that has been known but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
factors that can lead to emerging diseases
-change in demographic/behavior
-environmental change
-breakdown in public health measures
-microbial adaption to change
-international travel
-change in technology
what percent of all known diseases in humans are zoonotic
60%
what percent of new emerging diseases in humans are zoonotic
75%
what is a big cause of zoonotic diseases in developing countries
the hunting and consumption of “bush meat”
what animal is the natural reservoir for monkey pox
grass cutter(cane) rats
what introduces monkey pox to dallas in 2003
african cane rats were imported as pets which led to an outbreak among prairie dogs
how much wildlife meat is harvested in Africa each year
1 million tons
four distinct families of viral hemorrhagic fevers
arenavirus
filovirus
flavivirus
bunyavirus
T/F humans are the natural reservoirs for hemorrhagic fever viruses
FALSE
what area of the body do VHFs typically infect/attack
endothelial cells of blood vessels
ebola and marburg are examples of what family of VHFs
filoviruses
T/F VHF outbreaks occur sporadically and are not easily predicted
TRUE
where was the most recent outbreak of ebola
uganda
what is the natural reservoir for ebola
fruit bats and pigs
how is ebola transmitted to humans
contact with bodily fluids of an infected individual/contact with bush meat
what what the central countries/location for the ebola outbreak in 2013-2016
west Africa(Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia)
when was the first FDA approved ebola vaccine produced
2019
how long can the ebola virus persist in semen
9 months
how can ebola relapses occur
virus hinds in joints and eyes until it can begin to multiply again
what is an arenavirus
genus of virus that infects rodents
what type of VHF is lassa fever
arenavirus
what is the natural carrier of lassa fever
mastomys rat
T/F lassa virus is a vetor borne disease
false. it spreads through direct contact with rodent feces or urine, or contact with an infected human
what percent of people admitted to hospitals for fever in sierra leone and liberia have lassa fever
10-16%
common symptoms of lassa fever
fever
malaise
weakness
headache
rare symptoms of lassa fever
hemorrage
vomiting
respiratory distress
what is the case fatality rate in lassa fever
24.1%
what is the natural reservoir for west nile virus
birds
what is the natural reservoir for dengue fever
humans
vector definition
an organism called an arthropod that transmits a disease form one animal or plant to another
what are arboviruses
viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods/vectors
4 main flaviviruses
dengue
yellow fever
west nile
ziki
what mosquito transmits yellow fever
aedes mosquito
what climate is yellow fever endemic in
tropical areas of africa and latin america
why has the number of yellow fever cases increased
-poor vaccination cover(fake vaccines)
-forged immunization cards
-declining population immunity
-climate change and vectors
incubation period of yellow fever
3-6 days
viremia length of yellow fever
2-3 days
symptoms of yellow fever
hemorrhage
headache
jaundice
death
what introduced yellow fever to the western hemisphere
colonization
what is the origin of the name for yellow fever
ships traveling that had clinically ill people on board hoisted a “yellow jack” flag to signify the illness
what was yellow fever transported by ships associated with
the slave trade
transovarial definition
transmission of virus through mosquito eggs
what virus is transovarial in its vector
yellow fever
who solved how yellow fever was transmitted
Dr. carlos juan finlay
when were vector bone diseases discovered
during US invasion of Cuba during the Spanish American war
who was the human Guinea pig to determine how yellow fever was transmitted
Jesse Lazear
how did William crawford gorgas control the mosquito population to prevent yellow fever
-targeted mosquito breeding sites
-screened windows and outdoor water cisterns
-slept under mosquito nets
-removed standing water
-fumigated houses
what is a recent vertebrate host for yellow fever
primates
sylvatic yellow fever
occurs when disease is passed from monkeys to humans
intermediate yellow fever
most common type, mosquitos can infect humans or knkeys
urban yellow fever
domestic mosquito transmits virus between humans without transmission via other primates
why do vector borne diseases follow railroads and rivers
mosquitos lay eggs in water sources on docks, boats, and trains
when was the last outbreak of yellow fever in the US
1905
who developed the yellow fever vaccine
Dr. Max Theiler
what type of vaccine was the first yellow fever vaccine
attenuated virus
what vaccine is most commonly found on WHO international certificate of vaccination
yellow fever
how many countries reported yellow fever outbreaks in 2024
13
why is there no yellow fever in asia
mosquitos may be less susceptible to the virus
what fever is a leading cause of death in the tropics and subtropics
dengue
how many people live in dengue endemic areas
3.5 billion
what was dengue fever describes as in the 1789 outbreak
break bone fever
who were the first scientists to isolate the dengue virus? when?
susumu hotta
ren kimura
1943
how many dengue fever outbreaks have occured in the US since 2001
4
what US territories is dengue fever endemic in
puerto rico
US virgin islands
symptoms of dengue fever
fever
headache
rash
joint ache
how many serotypes does dengue fever have
4
why are their many cases of dengue in Mexico but not in Texas even along the border
rio grande acts as a barrier
what caused the rise in dengue fever in Bangladesh
high rain levels
what is the only dengue vaccine approved by the FDA
dengvaxia
what type of vaccine is dengvaxia? what was used to produce it?
live attenuated vaccine
produced using recombinant DNA technology
when did dengvaxia become available
2022
how many dengue infections are there each year
as many as 400 million
where was west nile virus first discovered in the US
the bronx zoo in exotic birds
what makes west nile virus so spreadable
its reservoir is birds which can travel very easily
why are humans and horses dead end hosts for west nile virus
it doeas replicate enough in them for mosquitos to pick up the virus
three outcomes of west nile in humans
asymptomatic
mild fever virus
neuroenvasive(menangitis/encephalitis)
what percent of cases of west nile in 2017 were neuroinvasive
67%
T/F 4 out of 5 people infected with west nile virus will not have noticeable symptoms
TRUE
what two branches of the nile river are there
blue nile
white nile
T/F Zika virus has an extremely high death rate
FALSE. it has very few deaths
where was the first zika virus isolated from monkeys
uganda
what percent of babies born to women who were infected with zika while pregnant are born with microcephaly
13%
what VHF can be sexually transmitted
zika
ebola
what is the most deadly virus in a population of unvaccinated people
yellow fever
what is microcephaly? what disease is it associated
below average head size and impaired brain development.
associated with zika virus
what year did US congress spend $1.1 billion on emergency funding to combat zika
2015
which disease causes the most human cases of infection
dengue
what do yellow fever, west nile, zika, dengue, and malaria all have in common
they are all transmitted by mosquitos
when and where was chikungunya first isolated
1952 in tanzania
where does chikungunya get its name from
makonde language meaning bended walker
what is chikungunya transmitted buy
aedes mosquito
animal reservoirs for chikungunya
monkeys
birds
cattle
rodents
T/F local transmission of chikungunya is becoming more common in the US
FALSE. nearly all cases are travel related
what vaccine is approved for chikungunya virus
none
what is rift valley fever caused by
rift valley fever phlebovirus
when and where was RVF first identified
1930 kenya
symptoms/attributes of RVF
-acute disease
-contagious
-causes abortion in sheep, cattle, and goat
-high mortality in lambs and kids(goat)
-general disease in man
what disease can cause massive necrosis of the liver in sheep, cattle, and goats
rift valley
length of cycles for rift valley
5-15 years
what are dambos
kenya’s equivalent to playa lake
aerosol transmission of rift valley fever
bodily fluids
butchering infected animals
raw milk
livestock herders
surgery, autopsy, necropsy
laboratory workers
mortality for RFV in cattle? for sheep and goats?
cattle: 5%
sheep: 36%
incubation period for RFV
2-6 days
what is retinopathy
a rare(1-10%) side effect of RFV
symptoms of retinopathy
conjunctivitis
photophobia
possible permanent vision loss
why is the US interested in RVF
climate change could cause it to jump to the US
three emerging diseases that threaten the US
zika
chikungunya
rift valley fever
what type of virus is RVF
bunyavirus
what type of virus is is chikungunya
togavirus
