Cholera Flashcards
causative agent of cholera
vibrio cholerae bacterium type O1 or O139
host range of cholera
multiplies freely in water especially in warm months
clinical symptoms of cholera
watery diarrhea
vomiting
Origin of cholera?
originated in Indian subcontinents along Ganges river
effective treatment of cholera
-rehydration(and electrolye replacement)
-antibiotics
john snow rile in discovery of cholera
John Snow:proposed cholera is due to toxin in feces and transmitted by water.
discovered when he treated patients and didnt get sick(showed it wasnt airborne)
how many cholera pandemics have there been
7 global pandemics (7th is still active in some parts of the world)
effect of cholera on public health and sanitation measures
-increased sewage disposal
-work for clean water
goal of of W.A.S.H(water, sanitation, and hygine)
reduce illness through global access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and proper hygiene education
societal benefits of WASH infrastructure
improve health, life expectancy, student learning, gender equality, and reduces poverty
mortality of untreated cholera? treated cholera?
untreated: 30-50%
treated: 1%
why is untreated cholera so deadly
cholera causes massive and rapid loss of water, if youre not rehydrated quickly the dehydration can kill you
why does cholera cause diarrhea
toxin binds to receptor on intestinal epithelial which causes the uptake of cAMP which causes water to exit the cell
filippo pacini role in discovery of cholera
discovered comma shaped bacteria in intestinal mucosa of people who died of cholera.
his discovery was not widely accepted due to miasma theory
robert koch role in discovery of cholera
successfully isolated causative bacterium of cholera
which cholera pandemic had the first major outbreak in europe, russia, and US
2nd pandemic
how did the first cholera pandemic spread to china
along caspian sea due to colonization
when was the worst pandemic in Paris history
cholera in 1849
what former president died of cholera after it spread along mississippi river
James K. Polk
what percent of the population of chicago died of cholera in 1854
5.5%
T/F the third cholera pandemic was fairly mild and had a low mortality rate
FALSE. it was very lethal
early theories for cause of cholera? what were they?
miasma: bad air
poison theory: poison in water caused it
germ theory: microscopic germs cause disease
who supported miasma theory for cholera
Max von Petterkofer
mapped infections clustered around low-laying marshlands where there was a bad smell and lots of waste
who is the mother of nursing
florence nightengale
how did the industrial revolution impact cholera
cheap packed houses, communal wells, no sewage removal, and waste thrown into streets/wells/waterways increased incidence of cholera
who is the father of modern epidemiology
John Snow
what helped john snow identify water as the method for transport of cholera
he mapped and tracked outbreaks in the district of Soho, London to the broad street pump where most got their water from
what were the cholera riots?
what caused them?
riots in Russia, Britain, and Germany in response to governmental regulation (quarantine and migratory restrictions) to prevent cholera
what did Thomas Crapper invent in relation to public health
the first flushable toilet
why is person-to-person transmission of cholera rare
infectious dose is very high and bacteria are sensitive to stomach acid
(pH becomes less deadly if food or water is entering the stomach with the water)
T/F immunity from cholera vaccine generally last a decade
FALSE. generally lasts 3-6 months
strongest immunity may last 2 years
what infrastructure was placed in Indian cultures to decrease cholera? why did this work?
straining collected water through sari’s, worked bc cholera bacteria often attached to copepods and zooplankton which would be caught in the fabric
other vibrio species
vibrio vulnificus
vibrio parahaemolyticus
symptoms of vibrio vulnificus
septicemia and tissue necrosis
what organism does vibrio vulnificus attach to
oysters
T/F vibrio vulnificus can only enter through ingesting the bacterium
FALSE. it can enter through any open wounds as well
