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Ronnie's lectures > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

When does antimicrobial reistance occur?

A
  • When microorganism such as bacteria, fungi viruses change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs
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2
Q

what are vaccines?

A
  • They are immuno-biological substances given to form protection against a certain disease
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3
Q

Describe what occurs in passive and active immunization?

A
  • Paasive (no immunnological memory)

- Active (Indcution of adaptive immune response, protection and memory)

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4
Q

list some passive barriers?

A
  • Skin
  • mucous
  • Stomach acid
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5
Q

What is involved in innate immune system?

A
  • Complement response, phagocytosis and granulocytes
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6
Q

what is involved in adaptive immune response?

A
  • Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells)
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7
Q

what does cellular immune system do?

A
  • It destroys intracecellular pathogens e.g virus infected cells using T cells
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8
Q

what does humoral immune system do?

A
  • Acts agianst bacteria and viruses using immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells
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9
Q

memory cells remembers and for future protection. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what is vaccination?

A
  • It is a method of giving an antigen to stimulate an immune response through active immunization without causing disease
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11
Q

A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

what are the different types of vaccines and give an example for each type?

A
  • Live attenuated e.g smallpox
  • Inactivated form e.g cholera
  • Toxoids e.g tetanus
  • Cellular faction vaccines e.g Hep polypeptide B
  • Recombinant vaccine e.g Hepatitis B
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13
Q

Describe how live attenutaed microorganism are used as vaccines?

A
  • Pathogenic virus is taken from human cell san dgrown in human culture
  • The culture is used to infect monkey cells
  • The virus acquires many mutations in monkey cells
  • It is no longer effective in humans so is attenuated and can be used as a vaccine
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14
Q

Live vaccines are more efficaious but less safe, nuclic acid vaccines are least effective but safer. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What are the different schemes of immunization?

A
  • One dose vaccines e.g rubella
  • multiple doses e.g Hepatitis B
  • primary vaccines
  • Booster vaccines
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16
Q

what is the point of booster vaccinations and give an example?

A
  • For maintainace of immunity level after long period after some relapse
    e. g MMR
17
Q

what are the different routes for vaccines and provide example for each route?

A
  • Intramascular or subcutaneous (most vaccines)
  • oral route (sabine)
  • scarification (small pox)
  • Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
  • Intranasal (live attenutaed influenza)
18
Q

what occurs in the primary response?

A
  • Your given the vaccine (live or inactivated)
  • Althoug the microorganism is dead or inactivated it possess characteristics that will make it be recognised as foreign
  • B lymphocytes detect antigen on pathogen
  • They produce Plasma cells and B memory cells
  • Plasma cells secrete antibodies which bind and disbable pathogen
19
Q

what occurs in the secondary response?

A
  • The real organism is presented
  • The B memory cells quickly recognise th antigen of the pathogen
  • B cells multiply
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies and inactivates the infective organism
20
Q

What occurs with the antibody concentration in the first response?

A
  • Antibody concentration rises gradually and peaks after 2 weeks after vaccination
21
Q

What occurs to the antibody concentration in the second repsonse

A
  • Antibody concentration rises quicker and is more intense

- It remains higher for longer

22
Q

What are the ideal properties of vaccines?

A
  • provides life long immunity
  • Stable, cheap and safe
  • Usable for all ages
  • protective againts all variants of organism s
  • prevents transmission
  • Rapidly induces immunity
23
Q

What are some local side effects of vaccines?

A
  • Swelling and redness
24
Q

what are some systemic side effects of vaccines?

A
  • Fever, allergic reaction, pain
25
Q

what are some side effects of MMR?

A
  • Febrile seizures
26
Q

what are similarities between vaccines and drugs?

A
  • Vaccines are also drugs
  • They have multple ingredients
  • They have to comply with safety, efficacy and quality
  • Potential for adverse reactions
  • Potential for drug interactions
27
Q

what are the differences between drugs and vaccines?

A
  • Drug kill the pathogen
  • Drugs inhibit pathogen from growing
  • Vaccine use memory cells
  • Vaccines train immune system for future attacks

Ronnie's lectures (12 decks)

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