Analgesia Flashcards
What is pain?
- An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
- Pain is a subjective experience and may not be directly proportional to the amount of tissue injury
What is physiological pain?
- Is a protective mechanism
- Causes avoidance
- Little to no tissue injury
- Pain stops once the stimilus is removed
What is pathological pain?
- Results from tissue injury
- Inflammation occurs in the area
- Nerve damage
- Release of NT with ongoing stimulation of nociceptors
- Can lead to hyperalgesia
- Persist after the stimulus is removed
What is the PNS split into?
- Sensory (afferent division)
- Motor (efferent division)
The nerve endings in Nociceptors are pain receptors/ TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Nocicpetors are high in concentration in skin, pleural and peritoneal membranes. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Nociceptors have high stimulation threshold. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Nociceptors only generate nerve signal under conditions of tissue damage e.g physical disruption, heat, cold, chemical and pH. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the most important channels to pain?
- TRPV1, TRPM8, TRPA1
which of these send rapid signal transmission myelinated or non myelinated fibres?
- Myelinated
Myelinated send immediate pain and reflex withdrawal. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Non-myelinated C fibres have much slower signal transmission, longer term and diffusion of pain and they protect damaged tissue to allow repair. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Provide examples of pain recpetors which detect specific stimuli?
- Bradikinin and histamine
- Transit receptor potential channel
- P2X and P2Y receptors
- ASIC - acid sensitive ion channels
Myelinated sensory fibres form direct synapse to ascedning fibres which enter contralateral spino-thalamic tract. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Non-myelinated C fibres connect to ascending fibres via connecting interneurons. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
In somatosensory cortex: The brain does not know when the body is in pain. TURE OF FALSE?
FALSE
In the limbic system: Pain alters emotions. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
In the reticular formation: Pain does not prevent sleep. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
Describe the physiology of pain, how pain occurs?
- Noxious stimuli active the nociceptors
- Nociceptors become sensistised with stimulation
- Resulting in lowered stimulation threshold
- Damaged cells release substances which stimulate nociceptors and inflammation
- Afferent nerves in the spinal cord send signals to the brain
- Leading to the perception of pain
What is the difference between pain and Nociception?
- Pain:
is a product of higher brain center processing signals it has received
Nociception:
Refers to the peripheral nervous system processing information recieved from stimulation of nociceptors
Nociception can occur in the absence of pain. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what is pathological pain?
- It is a state of disease caused by damaged nervous system or by its abnormal function
- Pain processing mechanism functions abnormally
Nociception is sustained by chronic injury. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
What is analgesia?
- The abscence of decrease in pain even in the presence of the stimuli
Analgesics prevent pain inducing pathways and promote pain supressing pathways. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the different target sites for pain therapies and dsecribe each target?
TTP
- Transduction: the translation of the noxiuos stimuli into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptors
- Transmission: The propagation of nerve impulses through the nervous system
- Perception: The final conscious subjective and emotional experience of pain
What are the 5 classes of analgesics?
- Opiods
- NSAIDS
- Local anasthetics
- Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists
- Miscellaneous drugs
What is the pain control system also known as?
- The endogenous analgesic system
What does The endogenous analgesic system consist of?
- Areas in the brain and spinal cord, which when activated reduce pain sensations
What are the key NT in the descending analgesic pathway?
- Endogenous opiod receptors agonists
- Noradrenaline and 5HT
