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Ronnie's lectures > Analgesia > Flashcards

Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A
  • An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
  • Pain is a subjective experience and may not be directly proportional to the amount of tissue injury
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2
Q

What is physiological pain?

A
  • Is a protective mechanism
  • Causes avoidance
  • Little to no tissue injury
  • Pain stops once the stimilus is removed
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3
Q

What is pathological pain?

A
  • Results from tissue injury
  • Inflammation occurs in the area
  • Nerve damage
  • Release of NT with ongoing stimulation of nociceptors
  • Can lead to hyperalgesia
  • Persist after the stimulus is removed
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4
Q

What is the PNS split into?

A
  • Sensory (afferent division)

- Motor (efferent division)

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5
Q

The nerve endings in Nociceptors are pain receptors/ TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Nocicpetors are high in concentration in skin, pleural and peritoneal membranes. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Nociceptors have high stimulation threshold. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Nociceptors only generate nerve signal under conditions of tissue damage e.g physical disruption, heat, cold, chemical and pH. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What are the most important channels to pain?

A
  • TRPV1, TRPM8, TRPA1
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10
Q

which of these send rapid signal transmission myelinated or non myelinated fibres?

A
  • Myelinated
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11
Q

Myelinated send immediate pain and reflex withdrawal. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Non-myelinated C fibres have much slower signal transmission, longer term and diffusion of pain and they protect damaged tissue to allow repair. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Provide examples of pain recpetors which detect specific stimuli?

A
  • Bradikinin and histamine
  • Transit receptor potential channel
  • P2X and P2Y receptors
  • ASIC - acid sensitive ion channels
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14
Q

Myelinated sensory fibres form direct synapse to ascedning fibres which enter contralateral spino-thalamic tract. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Non-myelinated C fibres connect to ascending fibres via connecting interneurons. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

In somatosensory cortex: The brain does not know when the body is in pain. TURE OF FALSE?

A

FALSE

17
Q

In the limbic system: Pain alters emotions. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

18
Q

In the reticular formation: Pain does not prevent sleep. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

19
Q

Describe the physiology of pain, how pain occurs?

A
  • Noxious stimuli active the nociceptors
  • Nociceptors become sensistised with stimulation
  • Resulting in lowered stimulation threshold
  • Damaged cells release substances which stimulate nociceptors and inflammation
  • Afferent nerves in the spinal cord send signals to the brain
  • Leading to the perception of pain
20
Q

What is the difference between pain and Nociception?

A
  • Pain:
    is a product of higher brain center processing signals it has received

Nociception:
Refers to the peripheral nervous system processing information recieved from stimulation of nociceptors

21
Q

Nociception can occur in the absence of pain. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

22
Q

what is pathological pain?

A
  • It is a state of disease caused by damaged nervous system or by its abnormal function
  • Pain processing mechanism functions abnormally
23
Q

Nociception is sustained by chronic injury. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE

24
Q

What is analgesia?

A
  • The abscence of decrease in pain even in the presence of the stimuli
25
Q

Analgesics prevent pain inducing pathways and promote pain supressing pathways. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

26
Q

What are the different target sites for pain therapies and dsecribe each target?

A

TTP

  • Transduction: the translation of the noxiuos stimuli into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptors
  • Transmission: The propagation of nerve impulses through the nervous system
  • Perception: The final conscious subjective and emotional experience of pain
27
Q

What are the 5 classes of analgesics?

A
  • Opiods
  • NSAIDS
  • Local anasthetics
  • Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists
  • Miscellaneous drugs
28
Q

What is the pain control system also known as?

A
  • The endogenous analgesic system
29
Q

What does The endogenous analgesic system consist of?

A
  • Areas in the brain and spinal cord, which when activated reduce pain sensations
30
Q

What are the key NT in the descending analgesic pathway?

A
  • Endogenous opiod receptors agonists

- Noradrenaline and 5HT

Ronnie's lectures (12 decks)

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