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Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

what is anesthesia?

A
  • It is the reversible loss of noxious stimuli
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2
Q

what are the different types of anaesthesia and how does each type work?

A
  • Local - numbs small area of the body
  • IV - causes mild sedation and relaxes you
  • Regional - causes numbeness is one part of the body e.g epdiural
  • General - associated with loss of consciuouness
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3
Q

what is the mechanism of local anaesthetics?

A
  • They block transmission of signals generated by nociceptors
  • Block na+ channels which prevents depolarisation and hence action potential formation
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4
Q

give examples of local anaethtics drugs and their durtaion of actions?

A
  • Lidocaine - short acting fast onset

- Mepivacaine is long cating fast onset

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5
Q

The addition of vasoconstrictors e.g epinephrine can lead to extention of duration of action of local anaesthetics. true or false?

A

true

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6
Q

How can local anaesthtics be administered?

A
  • Topically
  • infilitration - injection of intradermal and subcutaneous
  • Regional block- injection to connective tissue
  • Epidural
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7
Q

Epidurals can cause motor deficits at higher doses. true ro false?

A

treu

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8
Q

what do general anaethesia cause?

A
  • Loss of consciouness
  • Analgesia
  • Amnesia
  • Muscle relaxant
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9
Q

For general anaesthetics what are the premedication given?

A
  • Sedatives (anxiollytics)

- Analgesia (NSAIDS)

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10
Q

intravenous anaesthetics is for induction and short procedures. true ro false?

A

true

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11
Q

inhalation anaesthetics is for maitainance. true ro false?

A

true

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12
Q

Provide examples of drugs for Inhalation anaethetics, IV, pain killers, Relaxants and adiuvants?

A
  • Inhalation anaethetics : (N2O)
  • IV - (propofol)
  • pain killers (NSAIDS, pacetamol)
  • Relaxants - depolarising (succinilcholine), non depolarising (atracurium)
  • adiuvants - diazepam
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13
Q

what are the advantages of inhalation anaesthesia?

A
  • Controls the depth of anaesthesia
  • Metabolism is minimal
  • Excreted via exhalation
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14
Q

what are the two divisions of inhalation anesthetics?

A
  • Volatile liquids

- gases

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15
Q

what are the three theories of how inhalation anaesthtics work?

A
  • Cause generalised depression of CNS
  • lipid solubility theory
  • direct membrane receptor (interaction with ion channel)
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16
Q

what is the anaethetic depth determined by?

A
  • The partial pressure in the brain
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17
Q

how do the anaethtic molecules reach the brain?

A
  • Inspired air - alveoli - blood - brain
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18
Q

The minimum alveolar anaesthetic conc (MAC) is the % of the inspired air at which 50% of patients do not respond to the stimuli. true ro false?

A

true

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19
Q

MAC value is a measure of what?

A
  • Inhalation anethetic potency
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20
Q

what does a high MAC value equal?

A
  • Low potency
21
Q

what MAC value are used during surgery?

A

1.1 to 1.2

22
Q

Ether is flammable. TRUE OR FALSE?

23
Q

What is the blood gas partition co-effeicient?

A
  • It is a measure of solubility in the blood
24
Q

what does the blood gas partition co-efficient determine?

A
  • The rate of induction an drecovery of inhalation anasthetics
25
what does the oil partition co-efficient measure?
- It measurs solubiltiy
26
The higher the oil partition coeffecient the lower the MAC.TRUE OR FALEE?
TRUE
27
the higher the lipid solubility the higher the pontency of the anaesthtic. true or false?
true
28
Ether has highest Blood/gas PC Halothane has the highest Oil/gals PC. true or flase? for inhalation anasethtics
true
29
Isoflurane is a less soluble isomer of enflurane, and is widely used. true or false?
true
30
Isoflurane potentiates the action of neuromuscular blockers. true or false?
true
31
why is isoflurane an agent of choice for neurosuregry?
- because cerebral blood flow is little affected by isoflurane
32
Uterine tone is maintaine with isoflurane compared to halothane or enflurane. true ro false?
true
33
isoflurane is used to reduce post-patrum hermorrhage. true or false?
true
34
halothane is non-flammable volatile aneathtic. true ro false?
true
35
what are the issues with halothane?
- Increase myocardial excytability - BP drops due to CNS depression - Cerebral blood flow is increased so contraindicated in head injury patient s - Not a good analgesic - can produce massive hepatic necrosis - Cuases malignant hyperthermia
36
Nitrous oxide is used during child birth, used as na adjunct, weak, risks of bone marrow depression with prolonged use. true ro false?
true
37
what are IV induction agents used for?
- Inductio of anaesthesia
38
Recovery of IV induction agents is by redistribution. true or false?
true
39
hwo does propofol work?
They modulate GABAergic neuronal transmission
40
propofol is Anti-emetic in action Non-irritant to airways. true or false?
true
41
Sodium thiopental is Rapid-onset ultra-short acting barbiturate, it binds to GABAAreceptor, increases the duration of time for which the Cl-ionoporeis open. True ro false?
true
42
what is the short duration of action of sodium thiopental due to?
due to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat
43
what are the adverse reactions of sodium thiopental?
- Hypotension | - airway obstruction
44
Ketamine is a general dissociative anaesthetic | Ketamine is classified as an NMDA Receptor Antagonist. true or false?
true
45
Heart rate and BP are elevated due to sympathetic stimulation with ketamines. true or false?
true
46
Respiration is not depressed and reflexes are not abolished with ketamine. true or false?
true
47
General anaesthetics: Sample gases: Nitrous oxide and Xenon Halogenated hydrocarbons: Isoflurane Barbiturates: Thiopental. TRUE OR FALSSE?
TRUE
48
Local anaesthetics: Ester: Cocaine, Procaine, Tetracaine Amide: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
49
All local anaesthetics drugs work by inhibition of Na+ channel. true ro false?
true

Ronnie's lectures (12 decks)

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