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Ronnie's lectures > Drug abuse > Flashcards

Drug abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is drug abuse?

A

Is the recurrent use of illegal drugs, or the misues of prescription or over the counter drugs with negative consequences

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2
Q

Name the different types of drugs that are abused and provide an example for each?

A

Psychomotor stimulants - Amphetamine/ cocaine
Psychotomimetic agents - Cannabis/ Lysergic acid diethylamide
Opioids - Morphine/ heroin
CNS depressants - Ethanol/ Barbiturates/ Benzodiazepines

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3
Q

What are the reasons to which individuals may abuse drugs and provide examples for each

A

Mental/ emotional -
interfers with brain function e.g depression, anxiety, difficult concentration, personality and psychotic disorders
Physical -
sleepiness, irrritability, heart failure , stroke
Social -
Withdrawing from family and friends, loss of interest in school and othe activities

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4
Q

What occurs in a normal reward system?

A

-Sastifying survival and pleasure needs causes the brain’s monitor cells to send chemical signals to the reward center, and this pleasure or reward is recorded in the memory

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5
Q

What occurs in drug/alcohol reward system?

A
  • Drug/alcohol provides artificial feelings of pleasure and the true survival
  • Pleasure signals can be completelt ignored
  • The subconscious memory records this as a reward
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6
Q

Dopamine is the main NT in the brain? TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What are the different compartments that form the principle dopaminergic tracts?

A
  • Nigrostriatal tract
  • Mesolimbic tract
  • Mesocortical tract
  • Tuberoinfundibular tract
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8
Q

Describe all the 4 compartments of the dopaminergic tract?

A
  • Nigrostriatal tract : Begins in the substantia nigra and ends in the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia
  • Mesolimbic tract : Originates in the midbrain tegmentum and innervates the nucleus accumbens and adjacent limbic structures
  • Mesocortical tract : Originates in the midbrain tegmentum and innervates anterior cortical areas
  • Tuberoinfundibular tract : Projects from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus to the pituitary
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9
Q

What is the role of dopamine in addiction?

A

Individuals genes causes low D2 receptors, this leads to increase in pleasure from abused drugs, which leads to drug abuse cycle goes back to low D2 receptors

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10
Q

What factors cause low D2 receptors?

A
  • Abuse, neglect in childhood
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11
Q

What is drug dependence?

A

A complex disorder in the brain

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12
Q

What occurs to an individual when they have withdrawal syndrome?

A
  • Adaptation in brain reward system manifest as dysphoria and drug craving
  • Physical/psychological adevrse effects of cessation of use of the drug
  • The abuser will use drug again to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
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13
Q

How I drug addiction (dependence) defined?

A

A complex disorder (disease) in the brain, it is as state whereby an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug

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14
Q

What effect does acute or chronic abstinence cause?

A

Causes withdrawal symptoms

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15
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

Decrease in pharmacological effect with repeated use

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16
Q

What are the short and long term causes of drug tolerance?

A

Short term - Due to depleted levels of NT in vesicles

Long term - Due to the down regulation of the receptors

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17
Q

What is state produced in drug tolerance?

A

Acute drug state or chronic drug state

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism in drug tolerance?

A
  • Activation of mesolimbic DA pathway
  • There are adaptive changes in receptors
  • 2nd messengers
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19
Q

What is marijuana (cannabis)?

A

Dried and crumbled leaves, small stems, flowering tops

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20
Q

In sinsemilla cannabis pollination is prevented which increases the potency of the drug. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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21
Q

What is hashish prepared from?

A

Resin

22
Q

What is the active agent in Cannabis?

A

THC (Tetrahydocannabinol)

23
Q

What occurs when marijuana is burned?

A

-Results in vaporisation of THC absorption into the lungs then into blood plasma

24
Q

When are these symptoms experienced when an individual is marijuana high? (Euphoria, sedation and pleasant tranquillity)

A

Begins within a few minutes after inhaling and can last 2-3 hours after initial intoxication

25
Q

What occurs after peak levels have reached during intoxication?

A

Concentration falls through metabolism in liver and fat storage

26
Q

What are the acute psychological effects of cannabis?

A
  • Sensation of relaxation and well being
  • Sharpened sensory awareness/sound light appear more intense
  • Impairment of short term memory and simple learning
  • Impairment of motor co ordination
27
Q

What are the acute physiological effects of cannabis?

A
  • Increase in HR : Tachycardia - sensation of pounding pulse
  • Increase of blood flow to skin: sensation of warmth
  • Increase in hunger
28
Q

Give a few examples of psychomotor stimulants

A
  • Atropine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin 5HT
  • Dopamine
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
29
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A
  • Inhibit monoamine reuptake (NA, Dopamine, 5HT)

- Release stores of NA (nucleus accumbens)

30
Q

What is cocaine?

A

Crystalline alkaloid

31
Q

What are the different ways cocaine can be taken?

A
  • Snorted
  • Injected into the vein
  • Smoked
32
Q

What effect does cocaine have on CNS?

A

Stimulates the CNS

33
Q

What other symptoms does cocaine cause?

A
  • Appetite suppressant

- Gives rise to a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy

34
Q

Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of transporters for monoamines. (DA, NA & 5HT) TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

35
Q

Are opioids receptor agonists or antagonists?

A

Agonist

36
Q

What effects do opioids cause?

A
  • Feeling of wellbeing and contentment

- Contributes to analgesic action

37
Q

Opioids can inhibit GABA. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

What are the desired effects of opioids?

A
  • Euphoria rush
  • Decrease in anxiety
  • Reduction in pain
39
Q

What are the undesired long term effects of opioids?

A
  • Hypothermia/ nausea vomiting
  • Bone and muscle pain
  • Liver and kidney disease
  • Risk of stroke
  • Lung infection
40
Q

What are the characteristics of opiates abuse/overdose?

A
  • Respiratory depression (breathing slows down/sometimes to a stop)
  • Pinpoint pupils
  • Decreased level of consciousness
  • Hypotension and bradycardia (heart rate slows down / blue nails, lips)
41
Q

Is alcohol a CNS depressant or stimulant?

A

Depressant

42
Q

Alcohol does not have multiple action sin the CNS. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

43
Q

What are the multiple actions that alcohol has on the CNS?

A
  • Enhancing the inhibitory actions of GABA at GABAa receptor
  • Decreases the excitatory actions of glutamate at NMDA receptors
  • Causes the release of dopamine in the NA, increasing serotonin concentration in certain regions
  • Stimulating release of endogenous opiates producing euphoria and pain attenuation
44
Q

What occurs with acute alcohol intake?

A
  • An initial depression of inhibitory neurons producing a sense of relaxation
  • Followed by progressive depression of all CNS functions i.e loss of co-ordination
45
Q

Chronic drinking can lead to the dependence and addiction to alcohol. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

46
Q

What are the two types of dependences that can occur due to chronic drinking of alcohol?

A

Psychological

Physiological

47
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms of chronic alcohol intake?

A
  • Tremors
  • Anxiety
  • Sleep problems
  • Hallucinations
  • seizures
48
Q

What are the four areas that are focused on during drug addiction treatment?

A
  • Reducing withdrawal discomfort
  • Diminishing cravings to the drug
  • Blocking rewarding effects of the drug
  • Treating comorbidities e.g depression
49
Q

Treatment must address medical, psychological, social, vocational and legal problems. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

50
Q

What is an important diagnostic in opioid poisoning?

A

Pinpoint pupils

Ronnie's lectures (12 decks)

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