Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

Question 1

what are the two major psychotic disorders?

Answer 1

• Bipolar disorder

- Schizophrenia

Question 2

what is bipolar disorder?

Answer 2

• It is also known as manic-depressive disorder and it is changes in mood swings from up lifted and energteic to depressive and low energy

Question 3

what are mood episodes?

Answer 3

• They are periods of unusual intense emotion

Question 4

A psychotic person has lost contact with reality, they are dilutional and have hallucinations. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

Bipolar disorder often leads to suicide. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

what is mania?

Answer 6

• it ocurs as a result of functional excess monoamine NT

Overreactivity/ increased drive

Question 7

what are the treatments for bipolar disorder?

Answer 7

• Li+ ion
• Antipsychotic drugs
• Others e.g antiepileptic drugs
• SUpport gorups

Question 8

How do Li+ ions work?

Answer 8

• Inhibit enzymes (GSK3)

Question 9

Li+ is nephrotoxic. TREU RO FALSE?

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

what some drug interactions with lithium?

Answer 10

• Ace inhibitors
• drugs that reduce renal clearnce
• diuretics

Question 11

what are some ADRs of lithium?

Answer 11

• Low doses - dry mouth and incresaed thirst
• overdose can lead to coma and death
• Long term causes diabetes

Question 12

Li+ can be poisonous at high doses. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

Li+ has a narrow therapeutic window. TREU OR FALSE?

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

what is schizophrenia?

Answer 14

• Severe psychotic disorder affceting feeling and cogntive function
• Can lead to suicide

Question 15

what causes schizophrenia?

Answer 15

• Stress
• Genetics
• recreational drugs
• damage

Question 16

what are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 16

• Positive:
• Hallucinations
• Thought disorder
• Delusions

Negative:

• Withdrawal from social life
• Unwilling to carry out daily taks

Question 17

what are the brain abnormalities caused due to schizophrenia?

Answer 17

• Enlarged ventricles (implies loss of brain cells)

- Reduced activity of frontal cortex

Question 18

Dopamine synthesis has been known to increase brain signals leading to positive symptoms. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Phenothiazines and other neuroleptics drugs block the D2 receptors and alleviate positve symptoms. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

how do conventional anti-psychotic drugs work?

Answer 20

• Block CNS dopamine receptors in mesolimbic pathway

they have high affinity for D2 family receptors

Question 21

conventional antipyschotic drugs undergo extensive first pass metabolism. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

How are conventional antipyschotic drugs eliminated?

Answer 22

• Via metabolism in the liver

Question 23

conventional antipyschotic drugs takes two weeks to work. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

why have depot formulations of conventional antipyschotic drugs been developed?

Answer 24

• Because adherence is poor

Question 25

give an example of an anti-psychotic drug?

Answer 25

- Pimozide

Question 26

what are some ADRs of conventional antipyschotic drugs?

Answer 26

- Hypothermia - Drowsiness - Antimuscarinic effects - Extrapyramidal effects

Question 27

why do extrapyramidal effects arise?

Answer 27

- Due to blockage of D2 receptors in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathway

Question 28

for anti-pyschotic drugs to be effective they must reduce dopamine activity to normal levels. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

what other NT are involved in schizpphrenia?

Answer 29

- Serotonin - GABA - Glutamate

Question 30

treatment targeted these Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate are looking promising. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

phenycyclidine is a NMDA receptor antagonist. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

NMDA receptor antagonist can produce both positive and negative psychotic symptoms. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Amphetamines only produce positive pychotic symptoms. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

NMDA antagonists blocks ca2+ channel. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

how do atypical antipsychotic drugs dwork?

Answer 35

- Block serotonin, dopamine, Na+ and Ach receptors

Question 36

atipycal anti-psychotic can lead to treatment for both positive and negative psychotic symptoms. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

Clozapine is more effective than conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment of resistent patients. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

Atypical antipsychotics undergo extensive metabolism to the inactive metabolite. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

some Atypical antipsychotics e.g olanzopine can be given as depot formulation. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

agranulocytosis is an issue with clozapine. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

what two atipycal antipsychotic drugs cause weight? gain

Answer 41

Clozapine and olanzapine

Question 42

which are less likely to cause extrapyrimidal effects atipycal or typical antipsychotics?

Answer 42

- Atipycal

Question 43

atipycal antipsychotics are first in line. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 43

TREU

Question 44

what some pros and cons for atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 44

- Less likely to cause extrapyrimidal effects - at least equal efficacy on positive symptoms - better on treating negative symptoms - Possible advantage on cognition and mood Cons: - weight gain - Expenses