Alzheimer's disease Flashcards
What is degenerative disease?
- The loss of brain function as a result of detoriation of neurons
what are the two branches that ND is slpit into?
- Dementia
- Affecting movement
What are teh risk factors of ND?
- inheritable
- Increasing age
- Depression
- head trauma
- stroke
What are mitotic and post-mitotic cells?
mitotic - proflilerate e.g endothelial, kidney
post-mitotic cells - cannot proliferate e.g brain, heart and muscles
Mitotic cells are major component of the haematopoiteic system and glial cells. true or false?
true
What are the current dogmas of ageing brain?
- Insignficant loss of neurons
- Evidence of brain plasiticity
- Loss of synaptic connections
what is dementia?
- Dementia is the progressive loss of cogntive function leading to global loss of cognitive ability
Dementia is nonspecific illness syndrome that affects speech, meomry, language generally in the cerebral cortex. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what are the common diseases leading to alzheimers?
- V- vascular diseases
- A - alzhemiers
- D- drugs interactions
- E- ethanol
what is the most common type of dementia?
- Alzhemiers disease
The non-familial late onset alzhemiers is caused due to APOE. true or false?
true
What are the different types of APOE?
-APOE-2,3 and 4
APOE helps in carrying cholesterol in the body. true or flase?
true
In what chromosome is APOE found?
19
What are the environmental factors thst cause AD?
- Head trauma, hypertension stroke and total chelosterol stress
Amyloid precursor protein is the precursors to amyloid plaques. true or false?
true
How do beta-amyloids plaque forms?
- Amyloid precusor protein is the precusor of amyloid plaques
- APP sticks through the neuron membrane
- Enzyme breaks the APP into fragments, including beta-amyloid
- These fragments then join together and form clumps/plaques
- These plaques are the ones that disrupt neurons in AD
Beta-amyloid clumps/plaques affect the hippocampus and other regions of the cerebral cortex. true or false?
true
In AD tau protein is phosphorylated, defective and detaches from mircotubule which causes loss of neuron connection. true or false?
true
How does neurofibrillary tangles occur?
- In AD tau proteins are phopshorylated, defective and detaches from microtubules
- Leads to loss of neuron connection
- Defective tau proteins then assemble in filamnest and form neurofribrillary tangles
- This leads to loss of axonal transport and cell death
Levels of Ach is abnormally low in AD. true or false?
- true
levels of Ach has been correlated with memory loss. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The features of the diseases is the loss of cholinergic neurons in hippocampus and frontal cortex. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What is the most common drug used to treat AD?
- Donepezil
Donezepil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
Donezepil can cross the BBB and has 100% bioavailability. true or false?
true
Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that inhibits both acetylcholsterase and butyrylcholisterase. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Rivastigmine has an oral bioavilability of 40% and can cross the BBB. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Galantamine inhibits Ach being converted to choline and acetic acid. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
Galanthamine has a bioavailability of 80-100% and half life of 7 hours. true or false?
true
Galanthamine has not shown to alter the underlying dementia processes. true or flase?
true
what does mematine act on?
- Acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA glutamate receptors
- This blocks the toxic effects associated with excess glutamate and regulates glutamate activation
Two current drug treatment for AD?
- acetylcholinesterase
- NMDA anatagonist
