Vaccination 102

Question 1

What three things were observed that led to beliefs that a malaria vaccine is possible?

Answer 1

1) immunization with irradiated sporozoites protected from infection 2)natural protection in endemic areas 3) abs from blood of immune adults conferred protection against Pf

Question 2

What are 5 obstacles to a malaria vaccine?

Answer 2

1) the plasmodium parasite has 5000 genes 2) and a very complex life cycle 3) with different developmental stages 4) plus humans can be repeatedly re-infected 5) not to mention parasites have their own evasion strategies

Question 3

What are three different types of vaccine target that target different stages in the life cycle of malaria?

Answer 3

1)pre-erythrocytic vaccines (pre-RBC) ((sporozoites)) 2) blood stage vaccines (RBC) 3)transmission-blocking vaccines (mozzie stages)

Question 4

What is the most advanced vaccine candidate FOR malaria?

Answer 4

RTS,S which partially protects children.

Question 5

What is RTS,S a fusion protein of?

Answer 5

CSP -circumsporozoite protein and hep B surface antigen

Question 6

How much does RTS,S reduce severe malaria by?

Answer 6

49%

Question 7

What phase trials are in progress for RTS,S and by what company?

Answer 7

glaxosmithkline and phase 3

Question 8

What is sanaria?

Answer 8

a biotechnology firm bent on eradiacating malaria oNCE AND FOR ALL

Question 9

What doe sanaria do?

Answer 9

use mosquitoes as a vector of transmission to transmit attenuated (irradiated) sporozoites in order to raise immunity. ‘metabolically active, non-replicating (=attenuated or weakened) Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites’

Question 10

Does sanaria’s vaccine work?

Answer 10

Protection was shown to last for at least 10 months, and to be effective against multiple different strains of Plasmodium falciparum

Question 11

What are the two high risk groups for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 11

IV drug users and homo dudes in thailand and USA

Question 12

What is the fact about HIV neutralizing antibody?

Answer 12

no HIV neutralizing antibodies induced against human-wild type strains

Question 13

What was the first two efficiacy trials and what became of them?

Answer 13

VaxGens HIV envelope gp120 subunit proteins and failed to protect high risk group

Question 14

What became of vaccines to induce T-cell immunity?

Answer 14

RV144 - 31% efficacy over 3.5 years and led to no neutralizing abs and no CD8+ T cell response

Question 15

What did William Coley do inthe 19th century?

Answer 15

treated cancer patients with live bacterial cultures that triggered an innate immune response and led to tumour regression

Question 16

What do cancer therapeutic vaccines do?

Answer 16

treat an existing cancer by strengthening the bodies natural defences. the current treatments are aggressive

Question 17

What is the basis of therapeutic cancer vaccines?

Answer 17

tumour antigens have poor immunogenicity so are tolerated by the host, so REVERSE IMMUNOLOGY applied

Question 18

what is reverse immunology?

Answer 18

getting peptides from MHC complexes on tumour cell membranes, then sensitizing immune cells then testing ability of sensitized cells to destroy tumour cells

Question 19

que problem with reverse immunology?

Answer 19

multiple MHC/peptide complexes on cells and a low chance of any one peptide being presented

Question 20

What are 4 types of therapeutic cancer vaccines?

Answer 20

tumour cell vaccines, antigen vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines and NA vacciens

Question 21

Provenge?

Answer 21

dendritic cell vaccines for prostate cancer. increases life span by about 4.3 months.

Question 22

What is Provenge?

Answer 22

Sipuleucel-T is another name for it, uses tumour-associated antigen PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase) to activate autologous dendritic cells in vitro. also add colony stimulating factor to help APCs to mature then return to body to activate immune system against the prostate cancer.

Question 23

PAP?

Answer 23

Prostatic acid phosphatase, the tumour associated antigen used in provenge

Question 24

when was provenge approved?

Answer 24

april 2010

Question 25

HPV/cancer?

Answer 25

prophylactic cancer vaccine called gardasil. acts on 6, 11, 16 and 18. 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancer cases whilst the other two cause most genital warts. innoculate teen girls.