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Microbiology > UTI's > Flashcards

UTI's Flashcards

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1
Q

do UTIs always have symptoms

A

no

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2
Q

symptoms of UTIs

A

pain on urinating
bacteria
sepsis

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3
Q

define a complicated UTI. give examples

A 
a structural or functional abnormality e.g. catheter
urinary obstruction 
neurological disease
immunosuppression 
renal failure 
pregnancy
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4
Q

how to diagnose asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

bacteria isolated from urine but not systemic symptoms

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5
Q

when does asymptomatic bacteriuria require treatment

A

in risk groups usually

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6
Q

TF: UTI is the most common bacterial infection

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Serious consequences of UTIs?

A

sepsis

renal damage

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8
Q

is pyelonephritis uncomplicated?

A

yes as long as there’s no structural and neurological symptoms

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9
Q

what is pyelonephritis

A

kidneys, more serious nephritis means inflammation or infection of the kidney nephrons

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10
Q

what is cystitis

A

lower UTI

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11
Q

complicated UTIs are associated with?

A

factors which compromise the UT

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12
Q

risk factors for cystitis

A 
female 
prior uTI 
sexual activity 
vaginal infections 
diabetes 
obesity 
genetic susceptibility
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13
Q

can incontinence increase risk of UTI

A

yes bladder isn’t emptied efficiently or often enough

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14
Q

can hormones increase UTI risk?

A

yes oestrogen deficiency can put women at risk

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15
Q

how do we detect a UTI in a pregnant woman

A

get a urine sample every few weeks when you see midwife

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16
Q

what is a UTI in pregnancy associated with?

A

premature delivery

low birth weight

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17
Q

people at risk of UTI

A 
infants 
pregnancy 
elderly 
catheterised 
diabetes 
AIDS/ immunocompromised
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18
Q

why are infants high risk?

A

cant always tell us

hard to get a urine sample

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19
Q

does diabetes increase UTI risk in men?

A

no

20
Q

what bacteria are most UTIs caused by

A

UPEC: uropathogenic E.coli

21
Q

TF: bacteria are the only things that cause a UTI

A

no fungus also

22
Q

features of organisms causing a UTI? what characteristics must they have?

A

flagella and be highly mobile
be able to withstand flow
proteus: form a community to ‘swarm’ up

23
Q

does cloudy urine mean there’s an infection?

A

not always- could a protein

can also be clear despite having bacteria in

24
Q

what is a major problem in UTI treatment?

A

resistance

25
Q

E.coli gram stain and shape?

A

gram negative rod

26
Q

how can e.coli get to the urinary tract

A

must be present in the gut- fecal contamination- hygiene advice

27
Q

what aids sticking of the bacteria to the urethra

A

pilli

28
Q

once E.coli has colonised what will the body do? how does the bacteria respond?

A

WBC will come to attack
the bacteria will then form a biofilm to resist, then will start to produce toxins and proteases which further damage host tissue

29
Q

how does E.coli damage host tissue?

A

by releasing more toxins and proteases

30
Q

virulence factors to get up the urinary tract?

A

swarming
flagella
motility

31
Q

what happens re the inflammatory response when there’s a catheter?

A

the catheter is abiotic so:

fibrinogen from the plasma starts to accumulate on the catheter- this is nutritious for the bacteria

32
Q

what will eventually happen to the catheter once bacteria colonise

A

will eventually block and need to be removed

33
Q

TF: when there’s catheter the bacteria don’t reach the kidneys

A

true

34
Q

what do recurrent episodes suggest about the strain of the bacteria?

A

the same bacterial strain

35
Q

how do the bacteria colonise in the bladder in recurrent UTIS?

A

reservoir in the bladder not previously eliminated by antimicrobials

36
Q

explain the establishment and recurrence of UTIs? think big here xx

A

luminal replication- not on the inside of cells
attach and invade using pills
some get eliminated by immune system and some form quiescent reservoirs (hibernating) hence not sensitive to Ams
these then replicate inside cells

37
Q

what are quiescent reservoirs? why are they not sensitive Ito Ams?

A

pools of bacteria in cells which are asleep- hibernation so not sensitive

38
Q

what happens if the epithelial cells with the reservoirs in are lost?

A

the bacteria is released where they start the cycle again

39
Q

advantages for the bacteria of going into quiescent reservoirs

A

can survive nutrient limitation or bad conditions

40
Q

management of UTIs is based on

A

patient history and symptoms

41
Q

3 antibacterials for recurrent UTIs

A

cephalexin
nitrofurantoin
trimethoprim

42
Q

what can we use to treat ab resistant UPEC

A

Carbapenem

43
Q

novel UTI therapies aim to block what?

A

adhesion of bacteria to the urethra and prevent reservoir formation

44
Q

what are policies

A

interfere with pills assembly and block adhesion

45
Q

what are mannosides

A

anti-adhesives and prevent binding

46
Q

what is another treatment option for UTIs

A

vaccines

Microbiology (19 decks)

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