Prebiotics

Question 1

what is probosis

Answer 1

introducing large quantities of beneficial bacteria to the host

Question 2

what is prebiosis

Answer 2

provide bacteria present with dietary adjuncts that will selectively feed the beneficial bacteria and increase their number

Question 3

what is a prebiotic

Answer 3

a substrate that is selectively utilised by host MOs conferring a health benefit

Question 4

what is a substrate

Answer 4

any substance that can be used for an organisms nourishment

Question 5

can whole foods be a prebiotic?

Answer 5

yes, however in most cases they’re in too low concentrations- could be fortified

Question 6

what are fortified foods? are they pre biotics?

Answer 6

addition of vitamins- no

Question 7

can a prebiotic be a MO or AM?

Answer 7

no has to be a substrate

Question 8

can the substrate have adverse effects?

Answer 8

no e.g. excessive gas

Question 9

TF: breast fed have higher faecal pH, stool frequency and consistency than non breast fed

Answer 9

FALSE- have higher

Question 10

what is breast milk known to contain? what affect does this have on the child?

Answer 10

human milk oligosaccharides: Fructo OS, Galacto OS

enrichment of bifidobacter and lactobacilli in the gut

Question 11

what part of the gut do we want probiotics to get to?

Answer 11

distal end- not broken down by host enzymes

Question 12

example of a bacteria that causes health benefits and we may want to target with a prebiotic? please give then health benefits

Answer 12

bifidobacter

increased amounts of lactic acids and SCFAs

Question 13

storage advantage of prebiotics over probiotics?

Answer 13

don’t need to be stored specially- in a fridge

Question 14

how does lactulose act as a prebiotic?

Answer 14

reaches distal parts of the gut where its selectively fermented
able to enrich bifidobacter

Question 15

2 other clinical utility of lactulose?

Answer 15

osmotic laxative

hepatic encephalopathy

Question 16

how does lactulose act as a laxative

Answer 16

drops the pH of the intraluminal space- increases osmolarity which has a laxative effect

Question 17

what can hepatic encephalopathy lead to an accumulation of?

Answer 17

products of bacterial metabolism- aren’t cleared as well as the liver is impaired

Question 18

how does poor liver function lead to encephalopathy?

Answer 18

build up of ammonia and toxins produced by bacteria which eventually cross the BBB and result in neurological effects

Question 19

how does lactulose treat hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 19

1. the colonic bacteria use ammonia as a nitrogen source for protein synthesis
2. enrichment of bifidobacter, these produce lactic acid which DROP THE PH= conversion of ammonia to ammonium NH4
   which is less effective at crossing the BBB
3. drop in pH is antagonistic to ammonia producing organisms

Question 20

effects of inulin when used to treat constipation? which bacteria does it nourish/ inhibit and what is produced

Answer 20

increased in bifidobacter and anaerostipes
increased SCFA production
drop in bilophila

Question 21

TF: the drop in bilophila caused by inulin consumption is good? explain

Answer 21

TRUE
hydrogen sulphide producers- this is bad.
when they drop improved gut barrier function

Question 22

patient consuming inulin had _____ stool frequency

Answer 22

increased