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3 REPRO > uterine pathology > Flashcards

uterine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

when does the proliferative phase occur

A

starts day 1

lasts 2 weeks

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2
Q

which hormone causes the proliferative phase

A

oestrogen

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3
Q

what occurs during the proliferative phase

A

growth of glands and storm

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4
Q

when does the secretory phase occur

A

after ovulation

days 16-28

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5
Q

which hormone is involved in the secretory phase

A

progesterone

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6
Q

why does menstruation occur

A

absence of hormones

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7
Q

which hormones are involved after fertilisation and what is their effect

A

progesterone (hyper secretion)

HCG (decidualisation)

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8
Q

what do granulosa cells do

A

produce hormones

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9
Q

what is the function of the corpus luteum

A

produces progesterone and causes the endometrium to become hyper secretory

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10
Q

what is the corpus albicans

A

degenerated corpus albicans

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11
Q

what changes occurs histologically during the secretory phase

A

increasing tortuosity and lumenal secretions

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12
Q

indications for endometrial sampling

A

abnormal uterine bleeding
investigation of infertility
spontaneous and therapeutic abortion
assessment of response to hormonal therapy
endometrial ablation
work up prior to hysterectomy for benign indications
incidental finding of thickened endometrium on scan
endometrial cancer screening in high risk patients

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13
Q

what is menorrhagia

A

prolonged and increased menstrual flow

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14
Q

menorrhagia

A

regular intermenstrual bleeding

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15
Q

polymenorrhoea

A

menses occurring at <21 day interval

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16
Q

polymenorrhagia

A

increased bleeding and frequent cycle

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17
Q

menomotrorrhagia

A

prolonged menses and intermenstrual bleeding

18
Q

amenorrhoea

A

absence of menstruation >6 months

19
Q

oligomenorrhoea

A

menses at interval of >35 days

20
Q

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

abnormal uterine bleeding with no organic causes

21
Q

causes of AUB in adolescent and early reproductive life

A

DUB usually due to anovulatory cycles
pregnancy/miscarriage
endometritis
bleeding disorders

22
Q

causes of AUB in reproductive life/perimenopause

A 
pregnancy/miscarriage 
DUB: anovulatory cycles, luteal phase defects 
endometritis 
endometrial/endocervical polyp
leiomyoma 
adenomyosis (endometriosis in the myometrium)
exogenous hormone effects 
bleeding distoders 
hyperplasia 
neoplaisa
23
Q

causes of AUB in post menopause

A 
atrophy
endometrial polyp
exogenous hormones (HRT, tamoxifen)
endometritis 
bleeding disorders 
hyperplasia 
endometrial carcinoma 
sarcoma
24
Q

what endometrial thickness is classed as abnormal in postmenopausal women

A

> 4 mm

25
Q

endometrial thickness is classed as abnormal in premenopausal women

A

> 16 mm

26
Q

histological assessment of endometrial samples

A

is the sample adequate
is there evidence of fresh/old breakdown/haemorrhage
is there an organic benign abnormality (poly, endometritis, miscarriage)
is the evidence for dysfunctional bleeding
is there hyperplasia or malignancy

27
Q

what occurs during an anovulatory cycle

A

corpus luteum does not form

continued growth f functionalis layer (glands get bigger)

28
Q

how is endometritis diagnosed histologically

A

abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells

29
Q

how is the endometrium resistant to infection

A

cervical mucus plug protects the endometrium from ascending infection
cyclical shedding of the endometrium

30
Q

micro-organisms that cause endometritis

A 
neisseria 
chlamydia 
TB
CMV
actinomyces 
HSV
31
Q

when do endometrial polys most commonly occur

A

around or after menopause

32
Q

which malignancy may present as an endometrial polyp

A

endometrial carcinoma

33
Q

what is molar pregnancy

A

an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilised egg implants in the uterus (or Fallopian tube)

34
Q

what type of disease is molar pegnancy and what is it characterised by

A

gestational trophoblastic disease

a mass characterised by swollen chorionic villi

35
Q

what is a complete mole

A

caused by a single or two sperm combining with an egg which has lost its DNA (the sperm then reduplicates forming a ‘complete’ 46 chromosome set)
only paternal DNA is present in a complete mole

36
Q

what is a partial mole

A

egg is fertilised by two sperm or one sperm that replicates itself yielding the genotype 69, XXY
the have both maternal and paternal DNA

37
Q

complete moles have a higher risk of developing into which cancer

A

choriocarcinoma

38
Q

what is adenomyosis

A

endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium

39
Q

what is leiomyoma

A

benign tumour of smooth muscle, may be found in locations other than the uterus

40
Q

which hormone is leiomyoma growth dependent on

A

oestrogen

41
Q

which cancer can leiyomyoma develop into

A

leiomyosarcoma

3 REPRO (40 decks)

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