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3 REPRO > physiology of pregnancy > Flashcards

physiology of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what tissue is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast and decidual tissue

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2
Q

at what stage of pregnancy is the placenta and foetal heart functional

A

5th weeks of pregnancy

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3
Q

what provides nutrition to the embryo in the early stages of pregnancy

A

invasion of trophoblastic cells into the decidua

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4
Q

what effect does HCG have on the corpus luteum in early pregnancy

A

signals it to continue secreting progesterone

progesterone stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids

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5
Q

how does the placenta maximise contact area with maternal circulation

A

extends hair-like projections (villi) into the uterine wall

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6
Q

what sort of blood is contained in the umbilical circulation

A

mixed arterial and venous blood

oxygen-poor

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7
Q

foetal, oxygen saturated blood returns to the fetus via …..

A

the umbilical vein

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8
Q

maternal, oxygen-poor blood flows back into the …..

A

uterine veins

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9
Q

supply of the fetus with oxygen is facilitated by which three factors

A 
fetal Hb (increased ability to carry O2)
higher Hb concentration in fatal blood
Bohr effect (fetal Hb can carry more O2 in low pCO2 than in high pCO2)
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10
Q

effect of HCG

A

prevent involution of corpus luteum

effect on the testes of male fetus (development of sex organs)

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11
Q

effects of HCS

A

produced week 5 of pregnancy
growth hormone-like effects (protein tissue formation)
decreases insulin sensitivity in mother (more glucose for fetus)
involved in breast development

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12
Q

effects of progesterone

A

development of decidual cells
decreases uterus contractility
preparation for lactation

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13
Q

effects of estrogens

A

enlargement of uterus
breast development
relaxation of ligaments

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14
Q

why does CO increase during pregnancy

A

due to demands of the uteroplacental circulation

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15
Q

during which trimester does BP drop

A

2nd trimester

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16
Q

why might a pregnant person become faint when lying supine towards the end of the pregnancy

A

the uterus compresses the vena cava

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17
Q

physiological changes to lower CO2 levels

A 
respiratory rate increases 
tidal and minute volume increases 
pCO2 decreases slightly 
vital capacity and pO2 don't change 
(progesterone)
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18
Q

physiological changes in urinary system

A

glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow increases
increased reabsorption of ions and water
slight increase in urine formation

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19
Q

how do postural changes affect renal functions

A

upright position = decrease
supine position = increase
lateral position during sleep = increaseee

20
Q

what is pre-eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension and proteinuria

21
Q

signs of pre-eclampsia

A

increasing BP since 20th weeks

oedema in hands and face

22
Q

what is the single most significant risk for pre-eclampsia

A

having had pre-eclampsia before

23
Q

what causes pre-eclampsia

A

insufficient blood supply to placenta

24
Q

what are signs of eclampsia

A

vascular spasms
extreme HTN
chronic seizures
coma

25
Q

treatment of eclampsia

A

vasodilator

c-section

26
Q

what is the average weight gain during pregnancy

A

24 lbs

27
Q

what are the components that make up the weight gain during pregnancy

A 
fetus 
extra-embryonic fluid/tissues 
uterus 
breasts 
body fluid
fat accumulation
28
Q

how many extra calories should be consumed by the mother

A

250-300 calories a day

29
Q

what are the 2 phases of pregnancy (regarding maternal-fetal metabolism)

A

1st-20th week = mother’s anabolic phase

21st-40th weeks = mother’s catabolic phase

30
Q

what happens with the mother’s anabolic phase

A

normal or increased sensitivity to insulin
lower plasmatic glucose level
lipogenesis, glycogen stores increase
growth of breasts, uterus, weight gain

31
Q

what happens during catabolic phase

A

maternal insulin resistance
increased transport of nutrients through placental membrane
lipolysis

32
Q

special nutritional needs in pregnancy

A 
folic acid 
vit D
high protein diet 
iron supplements 
b vitamins
33
Q

effect of oestrogen:pregesterone ratio on uterus excitability

A

progesterone inhibits contractility

oestrogen increases contractility

34
Q

where is oxytocin produced

A

maternal posterior pituitary

35
Q

what is the function of oxytocin during parturition

A

increases contractions and excitability

36
Q

which fetal hormones are involved in parturition

A

oxytocin
adrenal gland
prostaglandin

37
Q

mechanical factors tan increase contractility

A

mechanical stretch of uterus

stretch of cervix

38
Q

what kind of feedback is involved in the onset of labour

A

positive feedback

stretch of the cervix by fetal head increases contractions

39
Q

which hormone is released in response to cervical stretch in the initiation of labour

A

oxytocin

40
Q

which hormones are released in response to oxytocin release

A

prostaglandins

41
Q

what is the first stage of labour

A

cervical dilation (8-24 hours)

42
Q

what is the second stage of labour

A

passage through birth canal (few minutes to 120 minutes)

43
Q

3rd stage of labour

A

expulsion of placenta

44
Q

what hormones are involved in producing and releasing milk

A

oestrogen: growth of ductile system
progesterone: development of lobule-alveolar system
prolactin: stimulate milk production

45
Q

which hormones inhibit milk production during pregnancy

A

oestrogen and progesterone

46
Q

what are the 5 steps of the milk let-down reflex

A 
1 - receptors in nipple stimulated 
2 - impulses propagated to spinal cord 
3 - stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei 
4 - oxytocin released 
5 - milk ejected

3 REPRO (40 decks)

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