passmed

Question 1

what is the cause of the end of the ovarian cycle

Answer 1

the demise of ovarian follicles
as ovaries get older they have reduced level of available and viable ovarian follicles and subsequently a reduced response to FSH and LH

Question 2

what is the climacteric

Answer 2

the period prior to the menopause when women may experience symptoms

Question 3

what is the most appropriate management of shoulder dystocia

Answer 3

McRobert’s manoeuvre

flexion and abduction of the maternal hips, bringing the thighs towards the abdomen
this rotation increases the relative AP angle of the pelvis and often facilitates a successful delivery

Question 4

which physiological change during pregnancy results in faster breathing

Answer 4

red cell volume increases

the haematocrit decreases due to discrepancy between increase in plasma volume and increase in RBC volume

Question 5

what hormone levels are indicative of menopause

Answer 5

high FSH and LH
low oestrogen

low oestrogen is due to poor ovarian response to FSH and LH
high FSH and LH due to decreased negative feedback

Question 6

where would blood likely collect in a patient with endometriosis complaining of pain non defecation

Answer 6

pouch of Douglas

Question 7

what can cause persistent bleeding after the evacuation of a hydatidiform mole

Answer 7

choriocarcinoma

Question 8

what condition can result in a long history of recurrent chest infection and no palpable vas deferens

Answer 8

cystic fibrosis

Question 9

what are the layers (in order) covering the tests

Answer 9

skin
dartos fascia and muscle 
external spermatic fascia
cremasteric muscle and fascia 
internal spermatic fascia 
parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis

Question 10

what is the preferred method of delivery for a foetus in transverse lie

Answer 10

c-section

Question 11

what complications are associated with transverse lie

Answer 11

pre-term rupture of the membranes

cord prolapse

Question 12

what is the normal anatomical position of the uterus

Answer 12

anteverted and anteflexed

Question 13

what is the main structure that determines the descent path of the testicles

Answer 13

gubernaculum

a ridge of mesenchymal tissue that connects the testis to the inferior aspect of the scrotum

Question 14

risk factors for Erb’s palsy in neonate

Answer 14

macrosomia
maternal DM
high maternal BMI

Question 15

what is the main mechanism of action of the COCP

Answer 15

inhibition of ovulation

also thickens cervical mucus and thins endometrial lining

Question 16

what are the functions of oestrogen and progesterone in HRT

Answer 16

oestrogen is for symptomatic relief and progesterone is protective against oestrogenic adverse effects

Question 17

Schiller-Duvall bodies are pathognomonic of which ovarian tumour

Answer 17

yolk sac tumour

Question 18

what is the pathophysiology of prepubertal atrophic vaginitis

Answer 18

lack of vaginal oestrogen causing infection-prone alkaline environment

Question 19

for every woman whose life is saved due to the breast cancer screening programme, how many women receive treatment for a cancer that would never have become life-threatening

Answer 19

3