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Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Non- metal solids with high melting points that aren’t
made from carbon-based compounds

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2
Q

How is clay used?

A

It’s soft so can be moulded then fired until hardened by losing water making it Extremely brittle

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3
Q

How is glass made (soda-lime glass)?

A

Mixing limestone, sand and sodium Carbonate until it melts, when cooled it is glass

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4
Q

What are the properties of borosilicate glass and how is it made?

A

It has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass
Made the same way as soda-lime glass using sand and boron trioxide

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5
Q

What are composites

A

2+ materials embedded in each-other

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6
Q

What is fibre glass?

A

Glass fibres embedded in a matrix of polymer
Low density
Very strong
Used for boats and skis

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7
Q

What is carbon fibre?

A

Polymer matrix
Long chains of carbon atoms bonded together or carbon nanotubes
Very strong and light

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8
Q

What is concrete?

A

Sand and gravel embedded in cement
Very strong
Building materials

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9
Q

What’s Wood?

A

Natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by organic polymer matrix

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10
Q

How is low density poly(ethene) created? Properties and uses?

A

Moderate temperature, high pressure, flexible, used for bags and bottles

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11
Q

How is high density poly(ethene) made? Properties? Uses?

A

Lower temperature and pressure, catalyst
Rigid used for water tanks

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12
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers structure?

A

Individual polymer chains entwined together, weak forces between chains
Can melt and remould

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13
Q

What’s the structure of Thermosetting polymers?

A

Monomers that form cross links between polymer chains , holding them in solid structure
Don’t soften when heated they char when at high enough temp
Strong hard and rigid

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14
Q

What are polymers?

A

Insulators of heat and electricity that are flexible and easily moulded

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15
Q

What are glass and clay ceramics good for?

A

Porcelain and brick are insulators of heat and electricity, they are brittle and stiff

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16
Q

What do the properties of a composite depend on?

A

The matrix/binder and the reinforcement used to make them

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17
Q

What are metals properties?

A

Malleable, good conductors of heat, electricity, they are ductile, shiny and stiff

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18
Q

How are alloys made?

A

Adding another element to the metal to disrupt the structure making them harder than metals

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19
Q

How are alloys of iron (steel) made?

A

adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to the ipn

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20
Q

What is needed for rust to occur?

A

Oxygen and water

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21
Q

Why does all of the iron corrode away after time instead of just the part with rust on it?

A

The rust begins to flake off leaving more areas exposed to corrosions and to continue to flake off

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22
Q

Why does aluminium corrode but not completely?

A

Aluminium oxide forms during corrosion doesn’t flake away and forms a protective layer

23
Q

What are methods used to prevent rusting?

A

BARRIER
(painting,polymer coating, electroplating, oiling/greasing)
SACRIFICIAL METHOD
place more reactive metal e.g zinc or magnesium so water and oxygen react with that
GALVANISATION
sprayed with zinc coating

24
Q

What do you have to balance with extracting finite resources?

A

Social, economic and environmental effects

25
What is bio leaching?
Bacteria convert copper compounds into soluble copper compounds The leachate contains copper ions that can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
26
What’s phytomining?
Growing plants in soil containing copper Plants can get rid of it so builds up in leaves Plants harvested, dried and burned Ash contains soluble copper
27
How is glass recycled?
Some glass bottles can just be reused Glass separations by colour and chemical composition Glass crushed and melted Reshaped
28
What’s a life cycle assessment?
Looking at every stage of the products life and assess the impact on the environment
29
What’s the 1st step of a life cycle assessment?
Getting the raw material Extraction can damage environment Need to be processed to extract desired materials , requiring large amounts of energy
30
What’s the 2nd step of a life cycle assessment?
Manufacturing uses lots of energy and pollution Need to dispose of waste products
31
What’s the 3rd step of a life cycle assessment?
Using the product Fertilisers can leach and urning fuels releasing green house gases How long it’s used for
32
What’s the 4th step of a life cycle assessment?
Disposal in landfill Energy for transportation to landfill Can be burnt causing air pollution
33
What is a problem with the life cycle assessment?
Effects of some pollutants is hard to give numerical value Can be bias Selective LCA can be written to support claims of a company
34
What is potable water?
Water that has been treated and is safe for humans to drink
35
What is filtration?
Wire mesh screens out large twigs, gravel and sand beds filter out solid bits
36
What is sterilisation?
Water is sterilised to kill harmful bacteria and microbes Bubbling chlorine gas through water or using ultraviolet light
37
What is done when there isn’t enough surface or ground water?
They use sea water which they desalinate
38
How can you test and distil water in the lab?
find pH of water (if too high you can neutralise) test for presence of sodium chloride (flame test on small sample) will turn yellow for chloride add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate to form a white precipitate
39
how do you distill water?
pour salty water into distillation apparatus heat flask from below water boils and steam forms leaving dissolved salts in flask steam will condense back into liquid in the condenser and can be collected retest the distilled water for sodium chloride to check
40
what is reverse osmosis?
sea water passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through, larger ions are trapped and seperated by membrane
41
Why are distillation and reverse osmosis not that good?
require lots of energy, very expensive, not practical for producing large quantities
42
how does sewage treatment happen?
1.) sewage is screened (removing large objects) 2.) stands in settlement tank and undergoes sedimentation (sludge sinks to bottom) 3.) effuent in settlement tank is removed and treated by biological areobic digestion 4.) sludge from bottom of settlement tank removed and transferred to large tanks to be broken down by anaerobic digestion 5.) sludge broken down releasing methane, methane can be used as energy 6.)waste water containing toxic substances can have chemicals added, uv or membranes
43
whats the haber process equation?
nitrogen + hydrogen -- ammonia + heat
44
where is nitrogen obtained?
the air
45
where does the hydrogen for the haber process come from?
reacting methane and steam
46
what happens during the haber process?
nitrogen and hydrogen passed over an iron catalyst at 450 degrees c and a high pressure 200atmospheres ammonia formed as a gas, cools in condenser and liquefies unused products are recycled
47
what are the 3 main essential elements in fertilisers?
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
48
what are NPK fertilisers?
formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the right percentages
49
what does ammonia + oxygen and water create?
nitric acid
50
what does ammonia + acids create?
ammonium salts
51
what does ammonia + nitric acid create?
ammonium nitrate
52
how is ammonia converted in the industry?
giant vats, high concentrations, very exothermic reactions, heat released used to evaporate water from mixture, makes concentrated ammonia product
53
how is ammonia converted in the lab?
much smaller scale by titration and crystallisation reactants = lower concentration, less heat produced crystallise mixture after titration to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals crystallisation isnt used in industry as its very slow

gcse revision! (50 decks)

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