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gcse revision! > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Non- metal solids with high melting points that aren’t
made from carbon-based compounds

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2
Q

How is clay used?

A

It’s soft so can be moulded then fired until hardened by losing water making it Extremely brittle

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3
Q

How is glass made (soda-lime glass)?

A

Mixing limestone, sand and sodium Carbonate until it melts, when cooled it is glass

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4
Q

What are the properties of borosilicate glass and how is it made?

A

It has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass
Made the same way as soda-lime glass using sand and boron trioxide

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5
Q

What are composites

A

2+ materials embedded in each-other

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6
Q

What is fibre glass?

A

Glass fibres embedded in a matrix of polymer
Low density
Very strong
Used for boats and skis

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7
Q

What is carbon fibre?

A

Polymer matrix
Long chains of carbon atoms bonded together or carbon nanotubes
Very strong and light

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8
Q

What is concrete?

A

Sand and gravel embedded in cement
Very strong
Building materials

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9
Q

What’s Wood?

A

Natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by organic polymer matrix

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10
Q

How is low density poly(ethene) created? Properties and uses?

A

Moderate temperature, high pressure, flexible, used for bags and bottles

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11
Q

How is high density poly(ethene) made? Properties? Uses?

A

Lower temperature and pressure, catalyst
Rigid used for water tanks

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12
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers structure?

A

Individual polymer chains entwined together, weak forces between chains
Can melt and remould

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13
Q

What’s the structure of Thermosetting polymers?

A

Monomers that form cross links between polymer chains , holding them in solid structure
Don’t soften when heated they char when at high enough temp
Strong hard and rigid

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14
Q

What are polymers?

A

Insulators of heat and electricity that are flexible and easily moulded

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15
Q

What are glass and clay ceramics good for?

A

Porcelain and brick are insulators of heat and electricity, they are brittle and stiff

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16
Q

What do the properties of a composite depend on?

A

The matrix/binder and the reinforcement used to make them

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17
Q

What are metals properties?

A

Malleable, good conductors of heat, electricity, they are ductile, shiny and stiff

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18
Q

How are alloys made?

A

Adding another element to the metal to disrupt the structure making them harder than metals

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19
Q

How are alloys of iron (steel) made?

A

adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to the ipn

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20
Q

What is needed for rust to occur?

A

Oxygen and water

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21
Q

Why does all of the iron corrode away after time instead of just the part with rust on it?

A

The rust begins to flake off leaving more areas exposed to corrosions and to continue to flake off

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22
Q

Why does aluminium corrode but not completely?

A

Aluminium oxide forms during corrosion doesn’t flake away and forms a protective layer

23
Q

What are methods used to prevent rusting?

A

BARRIER
(painting,polymer coating, electroplating, oiling/greasing)
SACRIFICIAL METHOD
place more reactive metal e.g zinc or magnesium so water and oxygen react with that
GALVANISATION
sprayed with zinc coating

24
Q

What do you have to balance with extracting finite resources?

A

Social, economic and environmental effects

25
Q

What is bio leaching?

A

Bacteria convert copper compounds into soluble copper compounds
The leachate contains copper ions that can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement

26
Q

What’s phytomining?

A

Growing plants in soil containing copper
Plants can get rid of it so builds up in leaves
Plants harvested, dried and burned
Ash contains soluble copper

27
Q

How is glass recycled?

A

Some glass bottles can just be reused
Glass separations by colour and chemical composition
Glass crushed and melted
Reshaped

28
Q

What’s a life cycle assessment?

A

Looking at every stage of the products life and assess the impact on the environment

29
Q

What’s the 1st step of a life cycle assessment?

A

Getting the raw material
Extraction can damage environment
Need to be processed to extract desired materials , requiring large amounts of energy

30
Q

What’s the 2nd step of a life cycle assessment?

A

Manufacturing uses lots of energy and pollution
Need to dispose of waste products

31
Q

What’s the 3rd step of a life cycle assessment?

A

Using the product
Fertilisers can leach and urning fuels releasing green house gases
How long it’s used for

32
Q

What’s the 4th step of a life cycle assessment?

A

Disposal in landfill
Energy for transportation to landfill
Can be burnt causing air pollution

33
Q

What is a problem with the life cycle assessment?

A

Effects of some pollutants is hard to give numerical value
Can be bias
Selective LCA can be written to support claims of a company

34
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that has been treated and is safe for humans to drink

35
Q

What is filtration?

A

Wire mesh screens out large twigs, gravel and sand beds filter out solid bits

36
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

Water is sterilised to kill harmful bacteria and microbes
Bubbling chlorine gas through water or using ultraviolet light

37
Q

What is done when there isn’t enough surface or ground water?

A

They use sea water which they desalinate

38
Q

How can you test and distil water in the lab?

A

find pH of water (if too high you can neutralise)
test for presence of sodium chloride
(flame test on small sample) will turn yellow
for chloride add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate to form a white precipitate

39
Q

how do you distill water?

A

pour salty water into distillation apparatus
heat flask from below
water boils and steam forms leaving dissolved salts in flask
steam will condense back into liquid in the condenser and can be collected
retest the distilled water for sodium chloride to check

40
Q

what is reverse osmosis?

A

sea water passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through, larger ions are trapped and seperated by membrane

41
Q

Why are distillation and reverse osmosis not that good?

A

require lots of energy, very expensive, not practical for producing large quantities

42
Q

how does sewage treatment happen?

A

1.) sewage is screened (removing large objects)
2.) stands in settlement tank and undergoes sedimentation (sludge sinks to bottom)
3.) effuent in settlement tank is removed and treated by biological areobic digestion
4.) sludge from bottom of settlement tank removed and transferred to large tanks to be broken down by anaerobic digestion
5.) sludge broken down releasing methane, methane can be used as energy
6.)waste water containing toxic substances can have chemicals added, uv or membranes

43
Q

whats the haber process equation?

A

nitrogen + hydrogen – ammonia + heat

44
Q

where is nitrogen obtained?

A

the air

45
Q

where does the hydrogen for the haber process come from?

A

reacting methane and steam

46
Q

what happens during the haber process?

A

nitrogen and hydrogen passed over an iron catalyst at 450 degrees c and a high pressure 200atmospheres
ammonia formed as a gas, cools in condenser and liquefies
unused products are recycled

47
Q

what are the 3 main essential elements in fertilisers?

A

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

48
Q

what are NPK fertilisers?

A

formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the right percentages

49
Q

what does ammonia + oxygen and water create?

A

nitric acid

50
Q

what does ammonia + acids create?

A

ammonium salts

51
Q

what does ammonia + nitric acid create?

A

ammonium nitrate

52
Q

how is ammonia converted in the industry?

A

giant vats, high concentrations, very exothermic reactions, heat released used to evaporate water from mixture, makes concentrated ammonia product

53
Q

how is ammonia converted in the lab?

A

much smaller scale by titration and crystallisation
reactants = lower concentration, less heat produced
crystallise mixture after titration to give pure ammonium nitrate crystals
crystallisation isnt used in industry as its very slow

gcse revision! (50 decks)

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