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gcse revision! > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what do eukaryotic (plant and animal cells) have?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in nucleus

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2
Q

what do prokaryotic cells have (bacterial cells)

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane surrounded by cell wall, genetic material not in nucleus, single DNA loop, plasmids

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3
Q

whats bigger prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic

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4
Q

what does the nucleus hold?

A

genetic information

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasm do

A

holds chemical reactions

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6
Q

whats the cell membrane for?

A

regulates transport of materials entering and exiting the cells

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7
Q

whats the mitochrondria?

A

provides energy from respiration

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8
Q

what are the ribosomes?

A

place for protein synthesis

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9
Q

chloroplast?

A

produce energy through photosynthesis sustaining plant growth

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10
Q

permanent vacuole?

A

store and transport substances.

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11
Q

what is the cell wall made of? what does it do?

A

cellulose, strengthen the cells.

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12
Q

how are sperm cells specalised?

A

tail that moves by energy generated by many mitochondria. head releases enzymes so sperm cell can penetrate the coating of the egg.

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13
Q

how are nerve cells specalised?

A

they are thin, can be more than 1m long in your spinal cord, can carry messages over large distances quickly, branched connections at each end.

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14
Q

how are muscle cells specalised?

A

layers of protein, layers can slice over eachother causing muscle contraction, lots of mitochondria.

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15
Q

how are root hair cells specalised?

A

large surface area to increase rate of absorption, lots of mitochondria.

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16
Q

how is xylem specalised?

A

series of connected dead xylem cells, lignin strengths cell walls.

17
Q

how are phloem cells specalised?

A

columns of living cells, end walls contain small holes to allow food to move up and down.

18
Q

what stage do animal cells differentiate at? for what?

A

early stage, in mature animals = repair and replacement

19
Q

when do plants differentiate?

A

they retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

20
Q

difference between electron and light microscopes?

A

electron= higher magnification and resolution, study finer detail.
light= cheaper, can view living organisms.

21
Q

magnification calculation?

A

size of imagine divided by size of real object

22
Q

how do you prepare uncontaminated culture?

A

petri dishes and culture media must be sterlisied.
inoculating loops must be sterilised in flame.
lid of petri dish must be secured with tape, store upsidedown and at 25.

23
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

set of chromosomes is pulled to each end and nucleus divides, cytoplasm + cell membrane divide, divides into 2 identical daughter cells.

24
Q

what happens during meosis?

A

genetic material is doubled, divides into 2 daughter cells then divides again into 4 daughter cells.

25
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

undifferentiated cell capable of turning into many more cells.

26
Q

embronic stem cells?

A

most different types of human cells

27
Q

bone marrow stem cells?

A

many cells even blood cells

28
Q

meristem tissue?

A

any type of plant cell

29
Q

what can stem cells help?

A

diabetes and paralysis

30
Q

risk of stem cells?

A

infection, unethical, religious views

31
Q

benefits of meristems?

A

rare species helped from extinction
create lots of disease resistant plants

32
Q

whats diffusion?

A

higher concentration to low concentration, waste products of gas exchange and urea from cells excreted by diffusion.

33
Q

what effects diffusion?

A

concentration gradient, temperature, surface area of membrane

34
Q

effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by?

A

large surface area, membrane that is thin, efficient blood supply, being ventilated

35
Q

whats osmosis?

A

diffusion of water from dilute to concentrated solution through partially permeable membrane

36
Q

active transport?

A

dilute solution to concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requires energy from respiration.

37
Q

what does active transport allow?

A

mineral ions to be abosrbed into root hairs from dilute soutions in soil.

gcse revision! (50 decks)

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