Infection and Response

Question 1

what are communicable diseases?

Answer 1

ones that can be spread e.g flu

Question 2

what are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

ones that cannot be spread e.g cancer

Question 3

what does bacteria do?

Answer 3

very small cells that reproduce rapidly causing us to feel ill by producing toxins to damage cells and tissue

Question 4

what do viruses do?

Answer 4

they reproduce rapidly, live inside our cells and replicate themselves to produce many copies of themselves, cell usually bursts releasing all new viruses

Question 5

what does fungi do?

Answer 5

single-cells that grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants, they produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals

Question 6

how can pathogens be spread?

Answer 6

water- e.g cholera
air- e.g flu
direct contact- e.g shower floors, towels

Question 7

What happens when someone has measles?

Answer 7

they will have a fever and a red skin rash
can lead to pneumonia or brain infection
most people are vaccinated against it

Question 8

how is measles spread?

Answer 8

through droplets in the air

Question 9

what happens to someone with HIV?

Answer 9

flu-like symptoms
attacks the immune cells
at later stages the immune system is so weak it cant defend from cancers or infection

Question 10

how is HIV spread?

Answer 10

sexual contact, exchanging body fluids e.g blood like when sharing needles for drug use.

Question 11

What happens to a plant with tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 11

discoloured leaves, cant carry out photosynthesis, affects growth.

Question 12

What does the fungal disease rose black spots cause?

Answer 12

purple or black spots on leaves of rose plant
leaves turn yellow then drop off
less photosynthesis so doesn’t grow as well

Question 13

How is rose black spot treated and passed on?

Answer 13

treated by fungicides and stripping plant of its affected leaves
spreads through water or wind

Question 14

What happens to someone with malaria?

Answer 14

they have a fever and can be fatal

Question 15

what is malaria?

Answer 15

part of a malaria protists life cycle, pick it up when feeding on infected animal then pass protists into another animals blood vessel

Question 16

how can the spread and protection from malaria be introduced?

Answer 16

stop the mosquitoes from breeding
using insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 17

what is salmonella and what do the infected suffer with?

Answer 17

its a bacteria that causes food poisoning
they will have a fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 18

what are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

Answer 18

pain when urinating, yellow discharge from vagina or penis

Question 19

how can gonorrhoea be prevented?

Answer 19

take antibiotics for it if infected
have protected sex with a condom

Question 20

how can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?

Answer 20

being hygienic- washing hands
destroying vectors- insecticides
isolating infected individuals- prevention
vaccination- cant develop infection and pass it on

Question 21

what are some of the bodies defence systems?

Answer 21

skin- barrier, secretes antimicrobial substances
hairs and mucus in nose trap particles
trachea and bronchi secret mucus, lined with cilia
stomach produces hydrochloric acid

Question 22

what do white blood cells do?

Answer 22

travel around blood, engulf foreign cells and digest them, this is phagocytosis

Question 23

how does the body produce antibodies to destroy pathogens?

Answer 23

white blood cell finds foreign antigen
produce proteins (antibodies) to destroy pathogen
they wont lock onto any other antigen
antibodies then produced rapidly and carried around body
if person is infected again the white blood cells will rapidly produce antibodies to kill it

Question 24

what are vaccinations?

Answer 24

injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen
carry antigens which cause body to produce antibodies
if pathogens appear in body again the white blood cells can now quickly create antibodies to destroy them

Question 25

what are pros of vaccination?

Answer 25

help to control communicable disease
preventing epidemics as more people are vaccinated than not so people are less likely to pass it on (herd immunity)

Question 26

what are cons of vaccinations?

Answer 26

dont always work
can have bad reaction
unethical views

Question 27

what do painkillers do?

Answer 27

relieve pain not tackling the cause of disease just reducing symptoms

Question 28

what do antibiotics do?

Answer 28

kill/ prevent growth of bacteria without killing body cells, dont destroy viruses

Question 29

what happens with bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 29

all of the non resistant bacteria are killed
those who are resistant stay and reproduce to create more resistant bacteria in off spring
now they are the majority antibiotics do not work

Question 30

how can we slow down bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 30

avoid over-prescribing
finish whole course of antibiotics
reduce the use in farming

Question 31

what are examples of drugs created from plants?

Answer 31

aspirin, found in willow, lowers fever
digitalis, found in foxgloves, treat heart conditions

Question 32

whats the first stage of drug testing?

Answer 32

in single cells- tested on human cells and tissue

Question 33

whats the second stage for drug testing?

Answer 33

test drug on live animals
to test efficacy
toxicity
dosage

Question 34

whats the third stage of drug testing?

Answer 34

tested on human volunteers in clinical trial
1.) drug tested on healthy volunteers to see side effects
2.)tested on people with illness to find dosage
3.)patients put into random groups, 1 given drug, 1 given placebo
4.) clinical trials are blind so they dont know why theyre getting
5.) results of drug testing and trials rent published until theyve been through peer review

Question 35

what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 35

lots of clones of a single white blood cell, identical, target one specific protein antigen.

Question 36

whats done to fix the issue that lymphocytes dont divide very easily?

Answer 36

fuse a mouse lymphocyte with a tumour cells to create a hybridoma.
cloned to get lots of identical cells
can bind to anything we want, only bind to 2

Question 37

what are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 37

pregnancy test
can measure hormone and chemical levels in blood
test blood for pathogens
locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue

Question 38

how can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat diseases?

Answer 38

can make them to bind to specific cells
drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies to stop cell from growing/ kill cell
they are given through a drip

Question 39

what are problems with monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 39

more side effects, fever, vomiting, low blood pressure.

Question 40

what happens if a plant has a nitrate deficiency?

Answer 40

nitrates make protein for growth so they have stunted growth

Question 41

what happens if a plant has a magnesium deficiency?

Answer 41

magnesium ions make chlorophyll so without them less photosynthesis happens so they suffer from chlorosis which is yellow leaves

Question 42

what happens to a plant when it has a disease?

Answer 42

stunted growth, abnormal growths, spots on leaves, discolouration, decay

Question 43

what are plant physical defences?

Answer 43

waxy cuticle
cell wall made of cellulose
layers of dead cells around stems

Question 44

what are plants chemical defences?

Answer 44

produce antibacterial chemicals to kill bacteria
poision

Question 45

what are plant mechanical defences?

Answer 45

thorns and hair
leaves droop and curl
mimic other organisms