Infection and Response Flashcards
what are communicable diseases?
ones that can be spread e.g flu
what are non-communicable diseases?
ones that cannot be spread e.g cancer
what does bacteria do?
very small cells that reproduce rapidly causing us to feel ill by producing toxins to damage cells and tissue
what do viruses do?
they reproduce rapidly, live inside our cells and replicate themselves to produce many copies of themselves, cell usually bursts releasing all new viruses
what does fungi do?
single-cells that grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants, they produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals
how can pathogens be spread?
water- e.g cholera
air- e.g flu
direct contact- e.g shower floors, towels
What happens when someone has measles?
they will have a fever and a red skin rash
can lead to pneumonia or brain infection
most people are vaccinated against it
how is measles spread?
through droplets in the air
what happens to someone with HIV?
flu-like symptoms
attacks the immune cells
at later stages the immune system is so weak it cant defend from cancers or infection
how is HIV spread?
sexual contact, exchanging body fluids e.g blood like when sharing needles for drug use.
What happens to a plant with tobacco mosaic virus?
discoloured leaves, cant carry out photosynthesis, affects growth.
What does the fungal disease rose black spots cause?
purple or black spots on leaves of rose plant
leaves turn yellow then drop off
less photosynthesis so doesn’t grow as well
How is rose black spot treated and passed on?
treated by fungicides and stripping plant of its affected leaves
spreads through water or wind
What happens to someone with malaria?
they have a fever and can be fatal
what is malaria?
part of a malaria protists life cycle, pick it up when feeding on infected animal then pass protists into another animals blood vessel
how can the spread and protection from malaria be introduced?
stop the mosquitoes from breeding
using insecticides and mosquito nets
what is salmonella and what do the infected suffer with?
its a bacteria that causes food poisoning
they will have a fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
what are symptoms of gonorrhoea?
pain when urinating, yellow discharge from vagina or penis
how can gonorrhoea be prevented?
take antibiotics for it if infected
have protected sex with a condom
how can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?
being hygienic- washing hands
destroying vectors- insecticides
isolating infected individuals- prevention
vaccination- cant develop infection and pass it on
what are some of the bodies defence systems?
skin- barrier, secretes antimicrobial substances
hairs and mucus in nose trap particles
trachea and bronchi secret mucus, lined with cilia
stomach produces hydrochloric acid
what do white blood cells do?
travel around blood, engulf foreign cells and digest them, this is phagocytosis
how does the body produce antibodies to destroy pathogens?
white blood cell finds foreign antigen
produce proteins (antibodies) to destroy pathogen
they wont lock onto any other antigen
antibodies then produced rapidly and carried around body
if person is infected again the white blood cells will rapidly produce antibodies to kill it
what are vaccinations?
injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen
carry antigens which cause body to produce antibodies
if pathogens appear in body again the white blood cells can now quickly create antibodies to destroy them
what are pros of vaccination?
help to control communicable disease
preventing epidemics as more people are vaccinated than not so people are less likely to pass it on (herd immunity)
what are cons of vaccinations?
dont always work
can have bad reaction
unethical views
what do painkillers do?
relieve pain not tackling the cause of disease just reducing symptoms
what do antibiotics do?
kill/ prevent growth of bacteria without killing body cells, dont destroy viruses
what happens with bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics?
all of the non resistant bacteria are killed
those who are resistant stay and reproduce to create more resistant bacteria in off spring
now they are the majority antibiotics do not work
how can we slow down bacteria resistant to antibiotics?
avoid over-prescribing
finish whole course of antibiotics
reduce the use in farming
what are examples of drugs created from plants?
aspirin, found in willow, lowers fever
digitalis, found in foxgloves, treat heart conditions
whats the first stage of drug testing?
in single cells- tested on human cells and tissue
whats the second stage for drug testing?
test drug on live animals
to test efficacy
toxicity
dosage
whats the third stage of drug testing?
tested on human volunteers in clinical trial
1.) drug tested on healthy volunteers to see side effects
2.)tested on people with illness to find dosage
3.)patients put into random groups, 1 given drug, 1 given placebo
4.) clinical trials are blind so they dont know why theyre getting
5.) results of drug testing and trials rent published until theyve been through peer review
what are monoclonal antibodies?
lots of clones of a single white blood cell, identical, target one specific protein antigen.
whats done to fix the issue that lymphocytes dont divide very easily?
fuse a mouse lymphocyte with a tumour cells to create a hybridoma.
cloned to get lots of identical cells
can bind to anything we want, only bind to 2
what are monoclonal antibodies used for?
pregnancy test
can measure hormone and chemical levels in blood
test blood for pathogens
locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue
how can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat diseases?
can make them to bind to specific cells
drugs can be attached to monoclonal antibodies to stop cell from growing/ kill cell
they are given through a drip
what are problems with monoclonal antibodies?
more side effects, fever, vomiting, low blood pressure.
what happens if a plant has a nitrate deficiency?
nitrates make protein for growth so they have stunted growth
what happens if a plant has a magnesium deficiency?
magnesium ions make chlorophyll so without them less photosynthesis happens so they suffer from chlorosis which is yellow leaves
what happens to a plant when it has a disease?
stunted growth, abnormal growths, spots on leaves, discolouration, decay
what are plant physical defences?
waxy cuticle
cell wall made of cellulose
layers of dead cells around stems
what are plants chemical defences?
produce antibacterial chemicals to kill bacteria
poision
what are plant mechanical defences?
thorns and hair
leaves droop and curl
mimic other organisms
