Us and Es Flashcards
what is creatinine
indicator of kidney function
what is urea
can indicate kidney disease but also, dehydration, GI bleed, increased protein breakdown, high intake
low: malnutrition, liver disease, pregnancy
what is AKI
rise in serum creatinine >50% from baseline
or
urine output <0.5ml/ kg/h for 6 hours
what investigations should be given to anyone with an AKI
urine dipstick bloods VGB fluid balance review medications
what is the most common cause of AKI
hypovolaemia
sepsis
what are the causes of pre renal AKI
renovascular disease
hypovolaemia
sepsis
what are the complications of AKI
acute tubular necrosis
how do you treat AKI
fluid resus
treat cause
what are the causes of intra renal failure
drugs
renal hypoperfusion
glomerulonephritides
acute interstitial nephritis
what are the causes of post renal failure
urinary tract obstruction
prostate, stones, stricture, tumour, blood clots
how do you investigate post renal failure
renal tract USS
x ray
what are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease
diabetes hypertension glomerulonephritis disease PKD drugs
what GFR should you start dialysis
<15
what can cause SIADH
drugs
infection
neurological
paraneoplastic
what can cause hyponatraemia
diuretics addisons kidney injury diarrhoea vomiting fistula burns siadh hypothyroidism water intoxcation heart failure hypoalbuminaemia
how do you test for addisons
synacthen test
how do you investigate SIADH
low plasma osmolality
high urine osmolality
why does SIADH cause hyponatraemia
too much water
what can cause hypernatraemia
iatrogenic hypovolaemia fluid loss diabetes insipidus DKA
what are the causes of hypokalaemia
increased renal excretion: diuretics steroids cushings conns renal tubular acidosis
vomiting and diarrhoea
some medications
what are the causes of hyperkalaemia
kidney injury drugs addisons iatrogenic blood transfusion acidosis tissue breakdown
how do you monitor and manage potassium
3 lead ecg calcium gluconate actrapid insulin salbutamol calcium resonium
what are the causes of hypocalcaemia
increased excretion chronic kidney disease rhabdomyolysis hypoparathyroidism psuedohypoparathyroidism
