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preston osces > Us and Es > Flashcards

Us and Es Flashcards

1
Q

what is creatinine

A

indicator of kidney function

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2
Q

what is urea

A

can indicate kidney disease but also, dehydration, GI bleed, increased protein breakdown, high intake

low: malnutrition, liver disease, pregnancy

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3
Q

what is AKI

A

rise in serum creatinine >50% from baseline
or
urine output <0.5ml/ kg/h for 6 hours

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4
Q

what investigations should be given to anyone with an AKI

A 
urine dipstick
bloods
VGB
fluid balance
review medications
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5
Q

what is the most common cause of AKI

A

hypovolaemia

sepsis

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6
Q

what are the causes of pre renal AKI

A

renovascular disease
hypovolaemia
sepsis

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7
Q

what are the complications of AKI

A

acute tubular necrosis

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8
Q

how do you treat AKI

A

fluid resus

treat cause

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9
Q

what are the causes of intra renal failure

A

drugs
renal hypoperfusion
glomerulonephritides
acute interstitial nephritis

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10
Q

what are the causes of post renal failure

A

urinary tract obstruction

prostate, stones, stricture, tumour, blood clots

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11
Q

how do you investigate post renal failure

A

renal tract USS

x ray

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12
Q

what are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease

A 
diabetes 
hypertension 
glomerulonephritis disease
PKD 
drugs
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13
Q

what GFR should you start dialysis

A

<15

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14
Q

what can cause SIADH

A

drugs
infection
neurological
paraneoplastic

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15
Q

what can cause hyponatraemia

A 
diuretics
addisons
kidney injury
diarrhoea
vomiting
fistula 
burns
siadh
hypothyroidism 
water intoxcation 
heart failure 
hypoalbuminaemia
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16
Q

how do you test for addisons

A

synacthen test

17
Q

how do you investigate SIADH

A

low plasma osmolality

high urine osmolality

18
Q

why does SIADH cause hyponatraemia

A

too much water

19
Q

what can cause hypernatraemia

A 
iatrogenic
hypovolaemia 
fluid loss
diabetes insipidus
DKA
20
Q

what are the causes of hypokalaemia

A 
increased renal excretion: 
diuretics
steroids
cushings
conns
renal tubular acidosis

vomiting and diarrhoea

some medications

21
Q

what are the causes of hyperkalaemia

A 
kidney injury
drugs
addisons 
iatrogenic
blood transfusion 
acidosis 
tissue breakdown
22
Q

how do you monitor and manage potassium

A 
3 lead ecg 
calcium gluconate
actrapid insulin 
salbutamol 
calcium resonium
23
Q

what are the causes of hypocalcaemia

A 
increased excretion 
chronic kidney disease
rhabdomyolysis
hypoparathyroidism
psuedohypoparathyroidism

preston osces (24 decks)

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