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preston osces > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

broad complex tachycardia with no p waves

A

VF, VT or SVT

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2
Q

narrow complex tachycardia with abnormal or no p waves

A

supraventricular tachycardia

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3
Q

what does a left axis deviation look like

A

legs apart(1 and 2)

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4
Q

what does a right axis deviation look like

A

legs together ( 1 and 2)

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5
Q

what does a bifid P wave sugges

A

p mitrale
mitral stenosis
LAH

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6
Q

what does a peaked p wave suggest

A

p pulmonale

RAH

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7
Q

what does a peaked p wave suggest

A

p pulmonale

RAH

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8
Q

what does a peaked p wave suggest

A

p pulmonale

RAH

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9
Q

if R is far from P

A

first degree

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10
Q

longer longer longer drop

A

wenkeback

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11
Q

if some Ps dont get through

A

Mobitz 2

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12
Q

alternate conducted and non conducted atrial beats

A

2:1 block

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13
Q

if Ps and Qs just dont agree

A

third degree

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14
Q

in what lead should R and S normally be equal

A

V3 or 4

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15
Q

how do you identify a bundle branch block

A

increased QRS complex

RSR1 pattern

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16
Q

what are pathological Q waves

A

Prolongation and depression

signs of established or previous full thickness MI

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17
Q

in what leads is T wave inversion normal

A

3, avr and v1

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18
Q

what are tented T waves a sign og

A

hyperkalaemia

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19
Q

what are flat T waves a sign of

A

hypokalaemia

20
Q

what should the QTc be

A

<450 ms

21
Q

what are U waves a sign of

A

hypokalaemia or can be normal

22
Q

what does AV nodal re entry junctional tachycardia look like

A

regular wiqth no P waves

23
Q

what is brugada syndrome

A

cardiac sodium channelopathy

24
Q

what does infarction look like

A

ST elevation
T wave inversion
pathological q waves

25
Q

What does ichaemia look like

A

ST depression

t wave inversion

26
Q

what does hyperkalaemia look like on ECG

A

low flat P waves
wide QRS
tall tented T waves

27
Q

what does hypercalcaemia look like

A

short QT

28
Q

what does hypocalcaemia look like

A

prolonged QT

29
Q

what does aortic stenosis sound like

A

early systolic murmur with opening snap
s2 still audible
heaving non displaced apex beat
aortic thrill

30
Q

what causes aortic stenosis

A 
rheumatic heart disease 
bicuspic aortic valve 
age related calcification 
SLE
pagets disease

risk factors: smoking, hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes

31
Q

how do you treat AS

A

treat existing cardiac comorbidities
valve replacement
trans catheter aortic valve replacement
baloon valveuloplasty

32
Q

what are the signs of MR

A

AF
pansystolic murmur radiating to apex
displaced hyperdynamic apex

33
Q

how do you investigate MR

A

ECG
echo
cardiac catherterisation

34
Q

what are the symptoms of MR

A

acute decompensated congestive heart failure

SOB
pulmonary oedema
orthopnoea
PND
volume overload 
fatigue 
AF
tachycardia
35
Q

what are the causes of MR

A 
mitral valve prolapse 
ischaemic heart disease
LV dilation and chordae tendinae dysfunction 
rheumatic fever
marfans
EDS 
cardiomyopathy 
endocarditis
36
Q

what are some treatment options for MR

A 
surgery 
vasodilators- nitroprusside 
ace inhibitors 
hydralazine 
treat hypertension
37
Q

what are the symptoms of AF

A 
heart palpitations 
light headedness
fainting
SOB
chest pain
38
Q

what are risk factors for AF

A 
hypertension 
valvular heart disease
CAD
cardiomyopathy 
CHD
rheumatic fever
COPD
obesity 
age
alcohol
tobacco 
diabetes
thyrotoxicosis 
Genetic

organise into cardiac, resp, infective and endocrine cause

39
Q

how do you treat AF

A 
rate
or rhythm control 
ablation 
cardioversion 
CHADS VASC 2
warfarin 
NOAC
40
Q

what are the components of CHA2DS2VASc

A 
congestive heart failure 
hypertension 
age
diabetes
stroke/tia
vascular disease
age
sex (female)
41
Q

what signs are most important in heart failure

A

lung bases
jvp
legs

42
Q

what are the causes of heart failure

A 
congenital 
diabetes
MI 
valve disease
drugs alcohol
43
Q

what investigations would you do in heart disease

A 
pro BNP
CXR
echo
elecrolytes (often hyponatraemic) 
kidney and liver 
thyroid 
FBC
44
Q

what might you see on a chest x ray in heart failure

A

kerley B lines
cephalisation of vessels
pleural efusion
cardiomegaly

45
Q

how do you treat heart failure with preserved EF

A

diuretic

treat co morbidities

46
Q

how do you treat heart failure with reduced EF

A

diuretics
ACE/arb
B blockers
ICD

47
Q

what is the difference between oslers nodes and janeway lesions

A

oslers nodes are tender

preston osces (24 decks)

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