ECGs Flashcards
broad complex tachycardia with no p waves
VF, VT or SVT
narrow complex tachycardia with abnormal or no p waves
supraventricular tachycardia
what does a left axis deviation look like
legs apart(1 and 2)
what does a right axis deviation look like
legs together ( 1 and 2)
what does a bifid P wave sugges
p mitrale
mitral stenosis
LAH
what does a peaked p wave suggest
p pulmonale
RAH
what does a peaked p wave suggest
p pulmonale
RAH
what does a peaked p wave suggest
p pulmonale
RAH
if R is far from P
first degree
longer longer longer drop
wenkeback
if some Ps dont get through
Mobitz 2
alternate conducted and non conducted atrial beats
2:1 block
if Ps and Qs just dont agree
third degree
in what lead should R and S normally be equal
V3 or 4
how do you identify a bundle branch block
increased QRS complex
RSR1 pattern
what are pathological Q waves
Prolongation and depression
signs of established or previous full thickness MI
in what leads is T wave inversion normal
3, avr and v1
what are tented T waves a sign og
hyperkalaemia
what are flat T waves a sign of
hypokalaemia
what should the QTc be
<450 ms
what are U waves a sign of
hypokalaemia or can be normal
what does AV nodal re entry junctional tachycardia look like
regular wiqth no P waves
what is brugada syndrome
cardiac sodium channelopathy
what does infarction look like
ST elevation
T wave inversion
pathological q waves
What does ichaemia look like
ST depression
t wave inversion
what does hyperkalaemia look like on ECG
low flat P waves
wide QRS
tall tented T waves
what does hypercalcaemia look like
short QT
what does hypocalcaemia look like
prolonged QT
what does aortic stenosis sound like
early systolic murmur with opening snap
s2 still audible
heaving non displaced apex beat
aortic thrill
what causes aortic stenosis
rheumatic heart disease bicuspic aortic valve age related calcification SLE pagets disease
risk factors: smoking, hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes
how do you treat AS
treat existing cardiac comorbidities
valve replacement
trans catheter aortic valve replacement
baloon valveuloplasty
what are the signs of MR
AF
pansystolic murmur radiating to apex
displaced hyperdynamic apex
how do you investigate MR
ECG
echo
cardiac catherterisation
what are the symptoms of MR
acute decompensated congestive heart failure
SOB pulmonary oedema orthopnoea PND volume overload fatigue AF tachycardia
what are the causes of MR
mitral valve prolapse ischaemic heart disease LV dilation and chordae tendinae dysfunction rheumatic fever marfans EDS cardiomyopathy endocarditis
what are some treatment options for MR
surgery vasodilators- nitroprusside ace inhibitors hydralazine treat hypertension
what are the symptoms of AF
heart palpitations light headedness fainting SOB chest pain
what are risk factors for AF
hypertension valvular heart disease CAD cardiomyopathy CHD rheumatic fever COPD obesity age alcohol tobacco diabetes thyrotoxicosis Genetic
organise into cardiac, resp, infective and endocrine cause
how do you treat AF
rate or rhythm control ablation cardioversion CHADS VASC 2 warfarin NOAC
what are the components of CHA2DS2VASc
congestive heart failure hypertension age diabetes stroke/tia vascular disease age sex (female)
what signs are most important in heart failure
lung bases
jvp
legs
what are the causes of heart failure
congenital diabetes MI valve disease drugs alcohol
what investigations would you do in heart disease
pro BNP CXR echo elecrolytes (often hyponatraemic) kidney and liver thyroid FBC
what might you see on a chest x ray in heart failure
kerley B lines
cephalisation of vessels
pleural efusion
cardiomegaly
how do you treat heart failure with preserved EF
diuretic
treat co morbidities
how do you treat heart failure with reduced EF
diuretics
ACE/arb
B blockers
ICD
what is the difference between oslers nodes and janeway lesions
oslers nodes are tender
