Urology Flashcards
What is paraphimosis?
Inability to return retracted foreskin of penis
What is priapism?
Prolonged rigid erection
What is the commonest cause of hesitancy and poor stream in young children?
Posterior urethral valves
Simple differences between neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma
Neuroblastoma - originates from adrenal gland, calcified
Nephroblastoma - Originates from the renal apex, non-caclified. Associated with hypertension. More common
What part of the kidney does a renal cell carcinoma arise from?
It is an adenocarcinoma of the proximal convoluted tubule
What type of renal tumour appears pink?
Transitional cell carcinoma
What type of renal stone occurs with raised urinary pH and is associated with recurrent infections?
Struvite
What are struvite renal stones made up of?
magnesium, ammonium and phosphate
What type of stone precipitates in acidic conditions?
Uric acid
What type of renal stone is most common?
Calcium oxalate
Which type of stone is associated with an inherited metabolic disorder?
cystine stone
What bacteria is associated with struvite stones?
proteus mirabilis
What is the surgical procedure for testicular cancer?
Orchidectomy via inguinal approach
Which lobe of the prostate does carcinoma usually occur and which lobe tends to be enlarged in BPH?
Carcinoma - posterior
BPH - median
What are the features of a seminoma?
Age = 40
AFP normal
HCG mostly normal, elevated in 10%
LDH mostly normal, elevated in 10-20%
What are the feature of non-seminomatous germ cell carcinomas?
Age 20-30
Worse prognosis
May need retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
AFP elevated in 70%
HCG elevated in 40%
Risk factors for testicular cancer?
Cryptorchidism
Infertility
Family history
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Mumps orchitis
Features of an acute haematocele?
Tender
Non transilluminating
Testis not palpable
Secondary to trauma
Difference between a bulbar urethral rupture and a membranous urethral rupture?
Bulbar - More common, due to straddle type injuries, Triad signs: urinary retention, perineal haematoma, blood at the meatus
Membranous - Associated with pelvic fractures, penile/perineal oedema or haematoma, prostate displaced upwards
What type of renal stones are radiolucent?
Uric acid stones
Hydrocele in children is most commonly due to what?
Persistant processus vaginalis
Which type of testicular cancer is most likely to cause gynaecomastia?
Leydig cell tumours
Why should an abdominal ultrasound be done when a varicocele is diagnosed?
Because it might be a symptom of a renal tumour occluding the left renal vein, in which the left testicular vein drains
Which type of stone is due to a familial disorder?
Cysteine
Inherited recessive disorder of transmembrane cystine transport leading to decreased absorption of cystine from intestine and renal tubule