Neurosurgery Flashcards
What foramen does the oculomotor nerve pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
What cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus (CN X)
Accessory (CN XI)
What cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
What foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
Foramen Spinosum
Name the 7 foramina that the cranial nerves pass through?
Optic Canal (II)
Superior Orbital Fissure (III, IV, V1, VI)
Foramen Rotundum (V2)
Foramen Ovale (V3)
Internal acoustic meatus (VII, VIII)
Jugular Foramen (IX, X, XI)
Hypoglossal Canal (XII)
Name the 4 cranial nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal - ophthalmic branch
Abducens
What foramina are part of the sphenoid bone?
Optic canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
What sinuses join together to form the internal jugular vein?
Inferior Petrosal Sinus and Sigmoid Sinus
What nerve supplies the stapedius muscle?
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Which nerve can be damaged during carotid surgery?
Hypoglossal Nerve
What structures pass through the foramen ovale?
O - Otic ganglion
V - V3 (mandibular nerve)
A - Accessory meningeal artery
L - Lesser petrosal nerve
E - Emissary veins
What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches
Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
Recurrent Meningeal Artery
Superior Ophthalmic Vein
Which nerves are at risk of damage during a carotid endarterectomy?
Hypoglossal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve
Which of the cranial venous sinusus is unpaired?
Superior sagittal sinus
What blood vessel is most commonly ruptured in an extradural haematoma and where does it originate?
Middle meningeal artery <- Maxillary artery <- External Carotid
Which branches of the external carotid artery are responsible for blood supply to the scalp?
Posterior auricular - superior and posterior to ear
Occipital - back of scalp
Superficial temporal arteries - frontal and temporal regions
Also supplied with blood by ophthalmic artery which is the first branch of the internal carotid
Trauma to which part of the scalp causes middle meningeal artery rupture?
Pterion
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium?
Carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone
A lesion of what structure causes a homonymous hemianopia?
Optic tract
What visual field defect does compression of the optic chiasm result in?
Bitemporal hemianopia
What visual field defect does a lesion in the parietal lobe result in?
Inferior homonymous quadrantaopia
What visual field defect does a lesion in the temporal lobe result in?
Superior homonymous quadrantaopia
Causes of optic chiasm compression
Pituitary tumour - compression of the inferior part of the optic chiasm and results in a more significant defect in the superior quadrant
Craniopharyngioma - compression of the superior part of the optic chiasm and results in a more significant defect in the inferior quadrant
What nerve runs very closely to the base of the middle meningeal artery?
Auriculotemporal nerve - branch of Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
Which nerve is most likely to be damaged due to raised ICP?
Abducens
Which layer is the danger area of the scalp and why?
Loose areolar connective tissue - it contains emissary veins. These are valveless veins that connect the extracranial veins with intracranial sinuses and are potential cause for spread of infection.
Which 3 branches of the external carotid artery supply the scalp with blood?
Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital
What branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the scalp with arterial blood?
Supratrochlear and supraorbital branches of the ophthalmic artery