Other Flashcards
What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?
Superior aspect of the vagina - internal and external iliac nodes
Inferior aspect of the vagina - superficial inguinal nodes
Where do tumours of the uterine body metastasise to? As in, which nodes?
External Iliac lymph nodes
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a organ rejection over years and what cell mediates this?
Type IV hypersensitivity
T lymphocyte mediated
When HLA typing for renal transplant, which are the most important antigens?
DR > B > A
What is the mechanism of action of neostigmine?
They prolong the action of acetylcholine by inhibiting the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
Features of MEN IIB
Medullary thyroid cancer
Phaeochromocytoma
Mucosal neuroma
Marfanoid appearance
Features of Gardner’s syndrome
AD disorder
Mutation of APC gene located on chromosome 5
Colonic polyps (FAP)
Supernumerary teeth
Jaw and skull osteomas
Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment.
Papillary Thyroid cancer
Epidermoid cysts, fibromas and sebaceous cysts
How does tranexamic acid work?
Antifibrinolytic
Competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin
Prevents fibrin degradation
What type of tumour causes hypervascular metastases?
Renal cell carcinoma
What substance is commonly used to sterilize endoscopic equipment?
Glutaraldehyde solution
Also used for laparoscopic equipment
What type of biopsy is used for a suspected lymphoma?
Excision biopsy
Define metaplasia
Conversion to a different cell type
Eg Gastric mucsoa in the duodenum
What are the symptoms of Wernicke encephalopathy?
Triad of ophthalmoplegia, acute confusion and ataxia
Marfan’s disease is due to a defect on the gene for which protein?
Fibrillin
Features of a giardia infection
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea - floats as fat not absorbed
Bloating
Resistant to chlorination so found in swimming pool
What skin lesion has the following characteristics:
Solitary dermal nodules
Usually affect extremities of young adults
Lesions feel larger than they appear visually
What is their histology?
Dermatofibroma
Histologically they consist of proliferating fibroblasts merging with sparsely cellular dermal tissues
What is Choanal atresia?
Congenital disorder where posterior nasal airway occluded by soft tissue or bone.
Babies with unilateral disease may go unnoticed.
Presents with episodes of cyanosis during feeding, which improve when the baby cries
They can only breathe through their mouth
What is the Koebner phenomenon?
It describes skin lesions which appear at the site of injury. It is seen in:
Psoriasis
Vitiligo
Warts
Lichen planus
Lichen sclerosus
Molluscum contagiosum
What type of immunoglobulin is responsible for hyperacute organ rejection?
IgG - antibody mediated
What type of ulcer base is heaped up?
SCC - Marjolin’s ulcer
What causes hydatid cyst?
Tapeworm parasite Echinococcus granulosus
What is the medical management of hydatid cysts?
Albendazole or mebendazole.
Praziquantzel in pre-operative stages
What are the radiological features of achondroplasia?
Large skull with narrow foramen magnum
Short, flattened vertebral bodies
Narrow spinal canal
Horizontal acetabular roof
Broad, short metacarpals
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?
By binding to intracellular receptors that are then transported to the nucleus where they affect gene transcription
What cancers are associated with EBV?
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Post transplant lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
What oesophageal malignancy is associated with achalasia?
SCC
What are Burton’s lines?
Blue lines on gum, indicative of lead poisoning
Acute intermittent porphyria is due to deficiency in what enzyme?
Porphobilinogen deaminase
What are the symptoms of acute intermittent porphyria?
Abdominal: Abdo pain, vomiting, constipation
Neurological: motor neuropathy
Psychiatric: depression
Autonomic: hypertension, tachycardia
Dark red urine
What sort of genetic inheritance is acute intermittent porphyria?
Autosomal dominant
What sort of genetic inheritance is achondroplasia?
Autosomal dominant
What is seen on histology for actoinomycosis?
Gram positive organisms with sulphur granules
What cells make up the islets of langhans and what do they secrete?
Beta cells - insulin
Alpha cells - Glucagon
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
Causes of hypomagnaesaemia
Diuretics
Total parenteral nutrition
Diarrhoea
Alcohol
Hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia
What is the half life of insulin?
<30 mins
What is seen on microscopic evaluation of amyloid tissue?
birefringence under polarised light
What is the commonest cause of filariasis (elephantiasis)?
Wuchereria bancrofti
What type of cancer is linked to working with PVC (vinyl chloride)?
Hepatic angiosarcoma
Causes of oxygen dissociation curve moving left?
Increased affinity for oxygen
Due to decreased oxygen requirement by the tissue such as
1. Alkalosis
2. Hypothermia
3. Reduced levels of DPG
4. Polycythaemia
5. HbF
What is the Bohr effect?
Hemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide
i.e. a decrease in carbon dioxide provokes an increase in pH, which results in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen.
and an increase in CO2 provokes a decrease in pH and subsequent decrease in oxygen affinity
Causes of decreased oxygen binding affinity?
Increased CO2
Increased H+ (lower pH)
Increased DPG
Increased temp