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MRCS - Part A > Last week panic > Flashcards

Last week panic Flashcards

1
Q

What eye change is seen in Gardner syndrome?

A

Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment

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2
Q

What is Borchardt’s triad?

A

Epigastric pain
Retching without vomiting
Inability to pass NG

Indicates gastric volvulus

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3
Q

What local anaesthetic causes chocolate coloured blood?

A

Prilocaine

Due to methaemaglobin

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4
Q

What is leriche syndrome?

A

Triad of atherosclerotic occlusive disease involving the abdominal aorta and/or both of the iliac arteries.

Claudication in buttocks and thighs
Atrophy of musculature in legs
Impotence due to paralysis of L1

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5
Q

What is colle’s fascia?

A

A continuation of scarper’s fascia and a membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the perineum

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6
Q

What are the following, continuations of
- Dartos muscle + Colle’s fascia
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremasteric muscle
- Internal spermatic fascia
- Tunica vaginalis

A
  • Scarpa’s fascia
  • External oblique aponeurosis
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Peritoneum
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7
Q

What test is used to assess compression of upper airway?

A

flow volume loop

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8
Q

Anaemia and low reticulocyte count in sickle cell disease means what?

A

Parvovirus

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9
Q

What is the fluid regime for electrical burns?

A

4ml/kg/TBSA to achieve urine ouput of 100ml/hr

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10
Q

What is the antidote for methaemoglobinaemia? And what caused it?

A

Caused by prilocaine and antidote is methylene blue.

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11
Q

What is the effect of cholecystokinin on gastric emptying?

A

Decreases gastric emptying

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12
Q

What type of cancer is associated with wood work?

A

Ethmoid sinus cancer

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13
Q

What is the treatment of pseudomyxoma peritoneii?

A

peritonectomy (Sugarbaker procedure) and heated intra peritoneal chemotherapy

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14
Q

Which cells produce tumour necrosis factor?

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

Which disorder causes discrepancy in leg length?

A

Neurofibromatosis Type 1
It is called plexiform neurofibroma, which is a sheet of neurofibromatosis tissue which encases major nerves. In children this attracts extra blood circulation, which can accelerate growth of the affected limb.

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16
Q

saphena varix features

A

Fat people
Varicose veins present
Absent on lying down, present on standing up
More of a swelling than a mass

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17
Q

What is the management for proximal oesophageal SCC?

A

Radical chemoradiotherapy

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18
Q

Where do oesphageal varices drain?

A

Azygous/hemiazygous vein

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19
Q

What drugs reduce secretion of renin?

A

NSAIDs
Beta blockers

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20
Q

What is a merkel cell tumour?

A

Type of skin cancer
Consist of sheets and nodules of hyperchromatic epithelial cells, with high rates of mitosis and apoptosis.
The periorbital area is the commonest site.
Lymphovascular invasion is commonly seen.

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21
Q

What type of incision is made for an open appendicectomy in children?

A

Lanz

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22
Q

What is the blood supply to the prostate?

A

Inferior vesicle artery

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23
Q

Where does the middle rectal artery branch from?

A

Internal iliac artery

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24
Q

What is the management of malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene

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25
Q

Which muscle relaxant may produce histamine release?

A

Atracurium
Due to ester hydrolysis

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26
Q

What is the blood supply to the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the nerve supply?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Ophthalmic nerve (V1) - via pterygopalatine
ganglion

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27
Q

Causes of normal anion gap acidosis

A

H - hyperventilation
A - acetazolamide
R - renal tubular acidosis
D - Diarrhoea
U - Ureteral diversion
P - Pancreatic fistula

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28
Q

What is intravesical BCG used for?

A

TCC of bladder

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29
Q

Where does middle thyroid vein drain?

A

Internal jugular vein

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30
Q

What is the first line investigation for a 65 year old with iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Colonoscopy

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31
Q

What percentage of patients are hypertensive in phaeocromocytomas?

A

90%

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32
Q

Where are musculi pectinati found?

A

Right atrium

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33
Q

What hormone causes release of prolactin from the pituitary?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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34
Q

Does atrophic gastritis increase or decrease risk of gastric ca?

A

Increase

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35
Q

What type of necrosis is seen in malignant hypertension?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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36
Q

What statistical test is done for a small sample size?

A

Fisher’s

37
Q

What is a systolic murmur and rib notching indicative of?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

38
Q

Drugs likely to cause SIADH?

A

A - Analgesia (opioids, NSAIDs, amitriptyline)
B - Barbituates
C - Carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, chlorpromazine
D - Diuretics

+ Haloperidol

39
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the lateral aspect of the nose?

A

Anterior ethmoidal

(branch of nasociliary, which is a branch of the ophthlamic nerve CN V1)

40
Q

What condition are retinal and cerebellar haemorrhages associated with?

A

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

41
Q

What vessels lie posterior to ascending colon?

A

Gonadal vessels

42
Q

Do beta blockers increase or decrease release of insulin?

A

Decrease

43
Q

Dobutamine binds to what receptors?

A

B1

44
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ear?

A

Lateral upper half - parotid
Medial upper half - mastoid and deep cervical
Lower half and lobule - superficial cervical

45
Q

What renal tumours are associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

Angiomyolipoma

46
Q

Which type of breast cancer associated with lymphocytic infiltrate?

A

Medullary breast cancer

47
Q

What do the spinothalamic tracts do?

A

Sensory - pain and temperature

48
Q

What sympathetic ganglion should be divided to treat hyperhydrosis?

A

T2 and T3

49
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the corneal reflex?

A

Afferent - Ophthalmic V1
Efferent - Facial

50
Q

Causes of increased ion acidosis

A

M - methanol
U - ureaemia
D - DKA
P -Paraldehyde
I - Iron
L - Lactic acidosis
E - ethanol
S - Salicylates

51
Q

What is the normal anion gap?

A

8-14

52
Q

What antibody is associated with primary biliary cholangitis?

A

Anti-mitochondiral antibodies

53
Q

What is meralgia paresthetica?

A

Meralgia paresthetica is a disorder characterized by tingling, numbness, and burning pain in the outer side of the thigh. The disorder occurs when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is compressed or squeezed as it exits the pelvis.

54
Q

What is the embryology of the bladder?

A

Primitive urogenital sinus

55
Q

What does c diff look like on histology?

A

Gram positive anaerobic rods

56
Q

What does ventricular septal defect develop from?
What about atrioventricular septal defect?

A

bulbus cordis

Endocardial cushion

57
Q

Features of central cord syndrome

A

Occurs due to hyperextension in elderly patient
Combination of sensory and motor symptoms

58
Q

Which antibiotic can cause peripheral neuropathy?

A

Metronidazole

59
Q

What does heart dominance mean?

A

Refers to which coronary artery gives off posterior descending artery

60
Q

What is gold therapy used for?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

61
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage during posteromedial approach of baker cyst excision?

A

Saphenous

62
Q

Where is osteosarcoma going to metastasize first?

A

Lung

63
Q

What bacteria causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

A

E.coli

64
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D

A

1-25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol
Calcitriol

65
Q

What is seen on histology for hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

intense lymphocytic infiltrate with acinar destruction and fibrosis.

66
Q

How much fluid do you give as a bolus in children?

A

10ml/kg over 10 mins

67
Q

Type of anaemia with atrophic gastritis

A

marcrocytic

68
Q

Why might a patient by hypocalcaemic after transfusion?

A

Citrate toxicity

69
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is responsible for internal rotation?

A

Subscapularis

70
Q

Mechanism of action of dobutamine

A

Increases contractility of heart - B1 receptors
Reduces BP - B2

71
Q

Common cause of ear infection in children

A

moraxella cateralis

72
Q

Painful neck swelling and siderophages

A

Thyroid cyst

73
Q

What causes hyperfibrinolysis in DIC/trauma

A

tissue plasminogen (activator)

74
Q

Nerve injured in supracondylar fractures

A

Anterior interosseus (median)

75
Q

What is the mechanism of action of naloxone?

A

Competitive antagonist

76
Q

Amyloid composition in:
- renal
- multiple myeloma
- heart

A
  • AA
  • AL
  • Attr
77
Q

Bifurcation of carotids?

A

C4

78
Q

Histological finding in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Necrobiotic granuloma

79
Q

Antibiotic for bacteroides?

A

Metronidazole

80
Q

Which muscle causes abduction and adduction of vocal cords?

A

Abduction - Posterior cricoarytenoid
Adduction - Lateral cricoarytenoid

81
Q

What is the q sofa score?

A

screening for sepsis

Altered mental state
Systolic BP<100
RR>22

82
Q

What type of antibiotic is vancomycin?

A

glycopeptide

83
Q

What drains into the superior meatus

A

posterior ethmoid
sphenoid

84
Q

Klumke’s presentation

A

Claw hand
Supinated
Loss of sensation in C8-T1 dermatomes
Horner’s syndrome

85
Q

monitor for recurrence in medullary cancer if calcitonin isnt available

A

CEA

86
Q

stellate ganglion lcoation

A

C7-T1

87
Q

Which part of kidney produces EPO

A

Interstitial fibroblasts

88
Q
A

MRCS - Part A (16 decks)

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