ENT Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Inferior border of the mandible
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Sagittal line in the midline
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Posterior belly of the diagstric muscle
Medial belly of the sternocleidomastoid
Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Common carotid bifircation into internal and external carotid
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve
What are the borders of the submental triangle?
Hyoid bone
Midline
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Body of mandible
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior belly of digastric muscle
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
Actually has 4 boundaries
Hyoid bone
Midline
Superior omohyoid
Inferior sternocleidomastoid
What are the 4 suprahyoid and 4 infrahyoid muscles in the anterior triangle of the neck?
Suprahyoid - stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
Infrahyoid - sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid
Within the parotid gland, the facial nerve divides into what 5 branches?
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Which nerves run through the anterior triangle?
Facial nerve CN 7
Glossopharyngeal CN 9
Vagus CN10
Accessory CN11
Hypoglossal C12
What is the most superficial structure on the parotid gland?
Facial nerve
What muscles are supplied by the ansa cervicalis?
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
What blood vessel runs through the anterior triangle?
Common carotid artery
What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior - posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior - anterior border of the trapezius
Inferior - medial 1/3 of the clavicle bone
Where is the nerve point in the neck and what is it?
It is on the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, at the junction between the superior and middle 1/3 of the muscle.
It is where the 4 cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus emerge.
What are the 4 cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus?
Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Superior clavicular nerve
What are the 2 nerves involved in voice production?
Superior laryngeal nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What nerves are at risk during branchial cyst excision?
Greater auricular nerve
Accessory nerve
Marginal Mandibular branch of facial nerve
Facial nerve palsy and foul smelling ear discharge indicate what?
Cholesteatoma
Severe otalgia and facial nerve palsy in a diabetic would indicate what?
Malignant otitis externa
Which muscle is responsible for ability to sing high notes and which nerve is it innervated by?
Cricothyroid muscle
Superior laryngeal nerve
What salivary gland tumour is most likely in an elderly male smoker?
Warthin tumour
(papillary cystadenoma lymphoma or adenolymphoma)
Benign
Features of basal skull fracture
Hx of head injury
Battle’s sign
Racoon eyes
Unilateral facial nerve palsy
Leaking of CSF - would require antibiotics
What are the histological features of a pleomorphic adenoma?
Biphasic - mixed stromal and epithelial elements
Bilateral parotid swelling, bilateral facial nerve palsy, dry mouth and lethargy would indicate what?
Sarcoid
Where is sialolithiasis most likely to occur?
impacted stone in wharton’s duct (submandibular gland)
What type of cancer is most related to wood work?
Adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx is strongly linked to exposure to hard wood dust (after >10 years exposure). Most commonly occur in ethmoid sinus.
Presents with nasal pain, anosmia and rhinorrhoea.
Most common malignant tumour of the submandibular gland?
50% are malignant. Most common is adenoid cystic carcinoma
When are you most likely to see bleeding after tonsillectomy?
Primary - within 24 hours
Secondary - 5-10 days
Damage to what nerve causes diplophonia?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Which nerve is responsible for sensation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
Lingual nerve.
Arises from mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve and from chorda tympani of facial nerve. Commonly injured during removal of 3rd molar (wisdom tooth)
Facial nerve bits are for taste sensation. Trigeminal bits are for pain, temperature and sensation
What provides the parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?
Pterygopalatine ganglion