urology

Question 1

how is an uncomplicated female lower UTI treated?

Answer 1

nitrofurantoin/trimethoprim (3 days)

Question 2

how is an uncatheterised male UTI treated?

Answer 2

nitrofurantoin/trimethoprim (7 days)

Question 3

how is a complex UTI/pyelonephritis treated in primary care?

Answer 3

co-amoxiclav/ co-trimoxazole (7days)

Question 4

how is a complex UTI/pyelonephritis treated in hospital?

Answer 4

amoxicillin and gentamicin IV (3 days)
if pen allergic then Co-trimoxazole

Question 5

how is bladder voiding measured?

Answer 5

urodynamic studies

Question 6

how is prostatitis treated?

Answer 6

ciprofloxacin 28days

Question 7

what are the eGFR variables?

Answer 7

creatinine
age
gender
ethnicity
(CAGE)

Question 8

what is the treatment for suspected epididymo-orchitis if its an unknown organism?

Answer 8

ceftriaxone 500mg IM
doxycycline oral
10-14 days

Question 9

what can cause TURP syndrome?

Answer 9

irrigation with glycine

Question 10

what is a scrotal swelling you cant get above likely to indicate?

Answer 10

inguinal hernia

Question 11

what does periuteric fat indicate?

Answer 11

recent stone passage if no uteric calculus is present

Question 12

how long do you have to wait after prostatitis to measure PSA?

Answer 12

1 month

Question 13

when does urine leak in stress urinary incontinence?

Answer 13

upon effort/exertion
urine leaks whenever urethral resistance is exceeded by increased abdo pressure

Question 14

what is bed wetting in elderly men commonly caused by?

Answer 14

increased pressure chronic retention

Question 15

what is the medical management for urinary incontinence?

Answer 15

anticholinergic eg tolterodine (inhibits contraction)
B receptor agonists (induces detruser relaxation)

Question 16

what age group do seminomatous tumours usually affect?

Answer 16

35-45 yo

Question 17

what age group do non seminomatous (teratomas) usually affect?

Answer 17

<35 yo

Question 18

where do seminomas arise from?

Answer 18

the seminiferous tubules

Question 19

how are seminomas treated?

Answer 19

responsive to radiotherapy

Question 20

how are teratomas treated?

Answer 20

very chemo sensitive

Question 21

what tumour markers are present in testicular cancer?

Answer 21

AFP and BhCG in teratomas
bHCG in seminomas (but more common in teratomas)

Question 22

what is the most common viral infection to occur after a solid organ transplant eg a kidney?

Answer 22

CMV

Question 23

what is the most common cause of peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 23

coag -ve staph
staph epi

Question 24

what can indicate a bladder rupture?

Answer 24

A pelvic fracture and lower abdominal peritonism should raise suspicions of bladder rupture

Question 25

what can indicate a membranous urethral rupture?

Answer 25

A pelvic fracture and highly displaced prostate should indicate a diagnosis of membranous urethral rupture.

Question 26

should all patients with CKD be started on a statin?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

when should diabetic patients be started on an ARB/ ACEi?

Answer 27

All diabetic patients with a urinary ACR of 3 mg/mmol or more should be started on an ACE inhibitor or angiotensinII receptor antagonist

Question 28

what is a key diagnostic feature of myeloma?

Answer 28

bence jones protein

Question 29

what is a key diagnostic feature of amyloidosis?

Answer 29

congo red staining on biopsy

Question 30

what is seen on biopsy in goodpastures syndrome?

Answer 30

crescent formation and linear deposition of antibodies across the GBM

Question 31

what is seen on biopsy in membranous nephropathy?

Answer 31

IgG and C3 sub epithelial deposit spikes

Question 32

what causes pyelonephritis?

Answer 32

e coli

Question 33

what is the most common type of renal stone?

Answer 33

calcium oxalate

Question 34

which renal stones are not visible on XRAY?

Answer 34

uric acid stones

Question 35

what are staghorn calculi made from?

Answer 35

struvite

Question 36

where do SGLT2i primarily act?

Answer 36

proximal convoluted tubule (where the majority of glucose absorption takes place)

Question 37

what does efferent arteriole constriction lead to?

Answer 37

Efferent arteriole constriction increases the GFR

Question 38

what renal function changes to compensate for an increase in arterial BP through the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 38

afferent arteriolar vasodilation

Question 39

what is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 39

stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules and stimulates K+ secretion in the distal tubule

Question 40

what may be seen in the urine of patients taking loop diuretics?

Answer 40

hyaline casts

Question 41

is colchicine contraindicated in ESKD?

Answer 41

yes