ophthalmology

Question 1

what is the treatment for an open angle glaucoma?

Answer 1

prostaglandin analogue eye drops (latanoprost) (first line)
B blockers (timolol)

Question 2

what is the treatment for an acute closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 2

pilocarpine
definitive management- laser peripheral irodotomy

Question 3

what is the treatment for wet ARMD?

Answer 3

anti VEGF medications

Question 4

what is the treatment for dry ARMD?

Answer 4

lifestyle modification
antioxidants and vitamins

Question 5

what is the treatment for cataracts?

Answer 5

surgery

Question 6

what is the treatment for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 6

laser photocoagulation
anti VEGF medications

Question 7

what is the treatment for anterior uveitis?

Answer 7

steroids and cycloplegic mydriatic eye drops

Question 8

what is the treatment for episleritis?

Answer 8

self limiting
lubricant eye drops help symptoms
analgesia and cold compress

Question 9

what is the treatment for scleritis?

Answer 9

NSAIDs
steroids

Question 10

how is a CRAO treated?

Answer 10

immediate referral to the stroke team

Question 11

how is a CRVO treated?

Answer 11

immediate referral
laser photocoagulation, intravitreal steroids and anti VEGF (all done in secondary care)

Question 12

how are retinal tears treated?

Answer 12

laser therapy/cryotherapy

Question 13

how is a retinal detachment treated?

Answer 13

surgery

Question 14

how is a posterior vitreous detachment treated?

Answer 14

self resolving

Question 15

what is the presentation of a CN III palsy?

Answer 15

“down and out” appearance of affected eye
can cause ptosis and miosis (constriction)
cannot adduct affected eye

Question 16

what is the presentation of a CN IV palsy?

Answer 16

vertical diplopia when looking inferiorly
affected side elevates as it moves medially

Question 17

what is the presentation of a CN VI palsy?

Answer 17

unopposed adduction of the eye, resulting in esotropia
horizontal diplopia

Question 18

what is the presentation of internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

Answer 18

impairment of adduction

caused by: injury to the medial longitudinal fasculculus
: MS is a common cause in younger patients
: older patients is generally a vascular cause

Question 19

what is the presentation of optic neuritis?

Answer 19

progressive unilateral visual loss
pain behind the eye, especially on movement
colour desaturation
gradual recovery over weeks/months

Question 20

what is the visual field defect seen with damage to the optic tract?

Answer 20

contralateral homonymous hemiopia
eg damage to the left tract leads to a defect in the right side of vision in each eye

Question 21

what is the visual field defect seen with damage to the optic radiation?

Answer 21

contralateral homonymous quadrantanopia
eg damage to the left radiation leads to defect on the right side of vision in each eye

Question 22

what is the visual field defect seen in the occipital cortex?

Answer 22

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

Question 23

how does ischaemic optic neuropathy present?

Answer 23

sudden, painless vision loss
associated with GCA
pale swollen disc on fundoscopy

Question 24

how does papilloedema present?

Answer 24

headache
enlarged blind spot
N + V

Question 25

what does blunt occular trauma with associated hyphema put the patient at risk of?

Answer 25

raised IOP

Question 26

what is the action of latanoprost?

Answer 26

increased uveoscleral outflow

Question 27

what bacteria causes contact lens associated keratitis?

Answer 27

pseudomonas infection

Question 28

what is a risk factor for retinal detachment?

Answer 28

myopia

Question 29

what is an important differential for vision loss in diabetics?

Answer 29

vitreous haemorrhage

Question 30

what can cause cataracts?

Answer 30

hypocalcaemia

Question 31

how do beta blockers work in open angle glaucoma?

Answer 31

reduces aqueous production

Question 32

how does latanoprost work?

Answer 32

increases uveoscleral outflow

Question 33

what causes acute closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 33

Mechanical closure of the aqueous drainage angle

Question 34

what causes open angle glaucoma?

Answer 34

Higher intraocular pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the optic head and subsequent nerve loss

Question 35

what investigation is used in dry ARMD?

Answer 35

OCT

Question 36

what investigation is used in differentiating subtypes of wet ARMD?

Answer 36

fluorescein angiogram

Question 37

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the parietal lobe?

Answer 37

contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantinopia

Question 38

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the visual cortex?

Answer 38

contralateral homonymous hemoanopia (macular sparing)

Question 39

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the optic tract?

Answer 39

contralateral homonymous hemoanopia

Question 40

what is a risk factor for acute closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 40

hypermyopia

Question 41

what is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma?

Answer 41

myopia

Question 42

is a central scotoma a feature of optic neuritis?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

what is temporal arteritis associated with?

Answer 43

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy - fundoscopy typically shows a swollen pale disc and blurred margins