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wrong questions/stuff i need to know > ophthalmology > Flashcards

ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the treatment for an open angle glaucoma?

A

prostaglandin analogue eye drops (latanoprost) (first line)
B blockers (timolol)

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2
Q

what is the treatment for an acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

pilocarpine
definitive management- laser peripheral irodotomy

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3
Q

what is the treatment for wet ARMD?

A

anti VEGF medications

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4
Q

what is the treatment for dry ARMD?

A

lifestyle modification
antioxidants and vitamins

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5
Q

what is the treatment for cataracts?

A

surgery

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6
Q

what is the treatment for diabetic retinopathy?

A

laser photocoagulation
anti VEGF medications

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7
Q

what is the treatment for anterior uveitis?

A

steroids and cycloplegic mydriatic eye drops

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8
Q

what is the treatment for episleritis?

A

self limiting
lubricant eye drops help symptoms
analgesia and cold compress

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9
Q

what is the treatment for scleritis?

A

NSAIDs
steroids

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10
Q

how is a CRAO treated?

A

immediate referral to the stroke team

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11
Q

how is a CRVO treated?

A

immediate referral
laser photocoagulation, intravitreal steroids and anti VEGF (all done in secondary care)

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12
Q

how are retinal tears treated?

A

laser therapy/cryotherapy

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13
Q

how is a retinal detachment treated?

A

surgery

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14
Q

how is a posterior vitreous detachment treated?

A

self resolving

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15
Q

what is the presentation of a CN III palsy?

A

“down and out” appearance of affected eye
can cause ptosis and miosis (constriction)
cannot adduct affected eye

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16
Q

what is the presentation of a CN IV palsy?

A

vertical diplopia when looking inferiorly
affected side elevates as it moves medially

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17
Q

what is the presentation of a CN VI palsy?

A

unopposed adduction of the eye, resulting in esotropia
horizontal diplopia

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18
Q

what is the presentation of internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A

impairment of adduction

caused by: injury to the medial longitudinal fasculculus
: MS is a common cause in younger patients
: older patients is generally a vascular cause

19
Q

what is the presentation of optic neuritis?

A

progressive unilateral visual loss
pain behind the eye, especially on movement
colour desaturation
gradual recovery over weeks/months

20
Q

what is the visual field defect seen with damage to the optic tract?

A

contralateral homonymous hemiopia
eg damage to the left tract leads to a defect in the right side of vision in each eye

21
Q

what is the visual field defect seen with damage to the optic radiation?

A

contralateral homonymous quadrantanopia
eg damage to the left radiation leads to defect on the right side of vision in each eye

22
Q

what is the visual field defect seen in the occipital cortex?

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

23
Q

how does ischaemic optic neuropathy present?

A

sudden, painless vision loss
associated with GCA
pale swollen disc on fundoscopy

24
Q

how does papilloedema present?

A

headache
enlarged blind spot
N + V

25
Q

what does blunt occular trauma with associated hyphema put the patient at risk of?

A

raised IOP

26
Q

what is the action of latanoprost?

A

increased uveoscleral outflow

27
Q

what bacteria causes contact lens associated keratitis?

A

pseudomonas infection

28
Q

what is a risk factor for retinal detachment?

A

myopia

29
Q

what is an important differential for vision loss in diabetics?

A

vitreous haemorrhage

30
Q

what can cause cataracts?

A

hypocalcaemia

31
Q

how do beta blockers work in open angle glaucoma?

A

reduces aqueous production

32
Q

how does latanoprost work?

A

increases uveoscleral outflow

33
Q

what causes acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

Mechanical closure of the aqueous drainage angle

34
Q

what causes open angle glaucoma?

A

Higher intraocular pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the optic head and subsequent nerve loss

35
Q

what investigation is used in dry ARMD?

A

OCT

36
Q

what investigation is used in differentiating subtypes of wet ARMD?

A

fluorescein angiogram

37
Q

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the parietal lobe?

A

contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantinopia

38
Q

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the visual cortex?

A

contralateral homonymous hemoanopia (macular sparing)

39
Q

what visual field defect is present in pathology affecting the optic tract?

A

contralateral homonymous hemoanopia

40
Q

what is a risk factor for acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

hypermyopia

41
Q

what is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma?

A

myopia

42
Q

is a central scotoma a feature of optic neuritis?

A

yes

43
Q

what is temporal arteritis associated with?

A

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
- fundoscopy typically shows a swollen pale disc and blurred margins

wrong questions/stuff i need to know (19 decks)

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