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wrong questions/stuff i need to know > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what are TZDs (pioglitazone) associated with?

A

an increased risk of bladder cancer

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2
Q

what is required to diagnose type 2 diabetes?

A

a fasting glucose >7.0 or a random glucose >11.1
if asymptomatic then 2 readings needed

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3
Q

what are results of a dexomethasone suppression test with an adrenal adenoma?

A

cortisol= not suppressed
ACTH= suppressed

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4
Q

what are results of a dexomethasone suppression test with a pituitary adenoma?

A

cortisol= suppressed
ACTH= suppressed

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5
Q

what are results of a dexomethasone suppression test with ectopic ACTH secretion?

A

cortisol= not suppressed
ACTH= not suppressed

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6
Q

what is diabetes insipidus characterised by?

A

a high plasma osmolarity and a low urine osmolarity

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7
Q

what drug can be used to treat galactorrhoea?

A

bromocriptine

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8
Q

why is turners syndrome associated with an ejection systolic murmur?

A

due to its bicuspid aortic valve

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9
Q

what is the biochemistry in kallmanns syndrome?

A

low testosterone
low/normal LH and FSH

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10
Q

what is MEN2 associated with?

A

medullary thyroid cancer

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11
Q

how is a prolactinoma treated?

A

dopamine agonist (eg cabergoline)- first line
transphenoidal surgery- second line

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12
Q

how is acromegaly treated?

A

transphenoidal surgery- first line
somatostatin analogue (eg octreotide)- second line

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13
Q

what can give falsely low HbA1c readings?

A

sickle cell anaemia

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of action of carbimazole?

A

inhibits thyroid peroxidase enzymes

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15
Q

what renal condition can give falsely low HbA1c readings?

A

haemodialysis

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16
Q

what is adjusted in a dexa scan?

A

Z score is adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity

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17
Q

what triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

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18
Q

what is the best way to measure if ovulation has occured?

A

see if progesterone peaks at day 21 (roughly)

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19
Q

what hormone is released during the follicular phase?

A

LH and FSH

20
Q

when does ovulation take place?

A

14 days

21
Q

what happens after the LH surge?

A

oocyte released

22
Q

where is FSH secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary

23
Q

what does FSH do in females?

A

thickens endometrium
stimulates follicular development

24
Q

what does FSH do in males?

A

stimulates sertoli cells
spermatogenesis

25
Q

where is LH secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary

26
Q

what does LH do in females?

A

peak stimulates ovulation

27
Q

what does LH do in males?

A

stimulated leydig cells
testosterone secretion
spermatogenesis

28
Q

what are the endocrine features of PCOS?

A

high free androgens
high LH
impaired glucose tolerance

29
Q

what is needed for a PCOS diagnosis?

A

chronic anovulation
polycystic ovaries
hyperandrogenism
(2/3 needed for diagnosis)

30
Q

what is the target HbA1c for diabetics on meds which may induce hypoglycaemia (eg. sulphonylureas)?

A

53

31
Q

when can metformin and insulin be used in combination?

A

Patients with type I diabetes and a BMI > 25

32
Q

how is insulin managed in acute DKA?

A

insulin should be fixed rate whilst continuing regular injected long-acting insulin but stopping short actin injected insulin

33
Q

what is the mechanism of sulphonylureas?

A

Sulfonyureas increase stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic B-cells and decrease hepatic clearance of
insulin

34
Q

what is the mechanism of metformin?

A

reduced hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and increases gut glucose utilisation and metabolism

35
Q

what is the mechanism of TZD (pioglitazone)?

A

reduces insulin resistance by interaction with PPAR-y nuclear receptor

36
Q

what is the mechanism of GLP-1 agonists?

A

enhance the incretin effect by activating the GLP-1 receptors

37
Q

what is the mechanism of DPP-4i?

A

they inhibit DPP-4 which usually inactivates GLP-1. this increases insulin secretion and reduces glucagon secretion

38
Q

what is the mechanism of SGLT-2i?

A

inhibit SGLT2 in the kidneys

39
Q

what are the classic features of MEN 1?

A

pancreatic tumour
pituitary tumour
primary hypoparathyroidism

40
Q

what are the classic features of MEN 2a?

A

primary hypoparathyroidism
pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer

41
Q

what are the classic features of MEN2b?

A

pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer

42
Q

in a suspected T1 diagnosis, what are the features that would prompt further tests?

A

being over 50yo
a BMI>25

43
Q

what are the features of sub acute thyroiditis?

A

tender goitre
can cause hyper followed by hypothyroidism

44
Q

what are the blood results for secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

low Ca
high phosphate, ALP and PTH

45
Q

what does a low TSH and a hot solitary nodule indicate?

A

toxic adenoma

46
Q

what is chovsteks sign?

A

twitching of facial muscles upon tapping over the facial nerve

47
Q

what is trousseaus sign?

A

involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist after compression of upper arm with a BP cuff

wrong questions/stuff i need to know (19 decks)

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