urogenital system Flashcards
1
Q
Name the components of the urinary system.
A
The kidneys[2] , urinary bladder , ureters[2] and urethra
2
Q
Describe the kidneys
A
The kidneys are small , dark red organs with a kidney - bean shape
3
Q
What do the kidneys lie against?
A
The kidneys lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal
position (behind the parietal peritoneum) in the
superior lumbar region
4
Q
What do the kidneys extends from?
A
The kidneys
extend from the T12 to the L3 vertebra ; thus they
receive some protection from the lower part of the
rib cage.
5
Q
Describe the convexity of the kidneys.
A
The kidneys are convex laterally
6
Q
What does the kidney have?
A
The kidney has a medial indentation - - renal hilum , ureters , blood vessels and nerves enter at the hilum
7
Q
What encloses the kidney?
A
A transparent, fibrous capsule encloses the
kidney
8
Q
What is beneath the transparent , fibrous capsule that encloses the kidney?
A
A fatty mass - perirenal fat capsule - the renal fascia is beneath
that fat mass
9
Q
List the 3 areas that are seen when the kidney is cut lengthwise.
A
1) Renal cortex- outer region light in colour.
2) Renal medulla- deep to cortex, dark red brown colour.
3) Renal/ medullary pyramids present in the medulla- separated by renal columns
10
Q
What is lateral to the hilum?
A
Lateral to the hilum is the renal pelvis
11
Q
What is the renal pelvis continuous with?
A
The renal pelvis is continuous with the ureter
12
Q
What are the extensions of the pelvis?
A
The extensions of the pelvis are
calyces.
13
Q
Name the 2 structures that each nephron consists of?
A
Each nephron consists of two main structures: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
14
Q
What does each renal corpuscle consist of?
A
Each renal
corpuscle consists of a glomerulus
15
Q
Describe the glomerulus.
A
The glomerulus is a knot of capillaries
16
Q
What surrounds the glomerulus completely?
A
A cup shaped hollow structure
that completely surrounds the glomerulus like a well-worn baseball glove encloses a ball - this portion of the renal corpuscle is called the glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule
17
Q
How long is the renal tubule?
A
The renal tubule is about 3cm long
18
Q
What takes place as the renal tubule extends from the glomerular capsule?
A
As the renal tubule extends from the
glomerular capsule, it coils and twists before forming a
Hairpin loop and then again becomes coiled and twisted before entering a collecting duct.
19
Q
What are the names of the different regions in order from the glomerular capsule?
A
Different regions of the tubule have specific names in order from the glomerular capsule, they are
the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the nephron loop, or loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted
tubule (DCT).
20
Q
What are the surfaces of the tubule cells exposed to the filtrate in the proximal convoluted
tubules covered with
A
The surfaces of the tubule cells exposed to the filtrate in the proximal convoluted
tubules are covered with dense microvilli - This increases the surface area tremendously
21
Q
Where do the microvilli also occur?
A
Microvilli also occur on the tubule cells in other parts of the tubule
22
Q
Why are most nephrons called cortical nephrons?
A
Most nephrons are called
cortical nephrons because they are located almost entirely within the cortex
23
Q
In a few cases , the nephrons are called juxtamedullary nephrons. Why?
A
In a few cases, the
nephrons are called juxtamedullary nephrons because they are situated close to the cortex-medulla
junction, and their nephron loops dip deep into the medulla.
24
Q
What do the collecting ducts receive from many nephrons?
A
The collecting ducts, each of which
receives urine from many nephrons
25
The collecting ducts run downward through the..
The collecting ducts run downward through the medullary pyramids, giving the
pyramids a striped appearance.
26
Where do the collecting ducts deliver the final urine product?
The collecting duct deliver the final urine product into the calyces and renal pelvis
27
What is each and every nephron associated with?
Each and every nephron is associated with two capillary beds—the glomerulus
and the peritubular capillary bed in much reduced numbers.
28
Describe the ureters.
The ureters are two slender tubes each
29
Where does each ureter run?
Each ureter runs behind the peritoneum from the
renal hilum to the posterior aspect of the bladder, which it enters at a
Slight angle
30
What is the superior end of each ureter continuous with?
The superior end of each ureter is continuous with the pelvis of the kidney
31
What is the mucosal lining of the ureter continuous with?
Its mucosal lining is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the bladder below
32
What are ureters?
Ureters are
| passageways that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
33
Describe the urinary bladder.
The urinary bladder is a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
34
What does the urinary bladder store?
The urinary bladder stores urine
| temporarily
35
Where is the urinary bladder located ?
The urinary bladder is located retroperitoneally in the pelvis just posterior to the pubic symphysis
36
Name the 3 openings seen when the interior of the bladder is scanned.
the two ureter openings (ureteral
| orifices) and the single opening of the urethra which drains the bladder
37
What is the smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by? What is it called?
The smooth triangular
| region of the bladder base outlined by these three openings is called the trigone.
38
What does the bladder wall contain?
The bladder wall
| contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively called the detrusor muscle
39
Describe the mucosa of the bladder wall.
The mucosa of the bladder wall is a
| special type of epithelium, transitional epithelium
40
What do the structural features of bladder do?
Both of these structural features make the
| bladder uniquely suited for its function of urine storage.
41
Describe the urethra.
The urethra is a thin walled tube
42
What does the urethra do?
The urethra carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the
body
43
What takes place at the bladder urethra junction?
At the bladder urethra junction, a thickening of smooth muscle forms- the internal urethral
sphincter
44
Describe the internal urethral sphincter.
The internal urethral sphincter is an involuntary sphincter
45
Briefly discuss the second sphincter[the external urethral sphincter]
A
second sphincter, the external urethral sphincter, formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes
through the pelvic floor, this is voluntary controlled.
46
How many layers do the ureter walls have?
The ureter walls have 3 layers: from inside out
47
List the layers of the ureter wall.
The mucosa , the muscularis and the adventitia
48
what does the mucosa contain?
The mucosa contains transitional epithelium that is continuous with the mucosae of the kidney
pelvis superiorly and with the bladder medially
49
what is the muscularis composed of ?
The muscularis is composed of two smooth muscle sheets- internal longitudinal layer and external
circular layer.
50
what does adventitia cover?
The adventitia covers the ureters' external surface is typical fibrous connective tissue.
51
how many layers does the bladder wall have?
The bladder wall has 3 layers
52
Name the layers of the bladder wall.
* Mucosa transitional epithelium
* thick muscular layer - detrusor
* Fibrous adventitia (except superior surface- covered by peritoneum)
53
Describe the thick muscular layer - detrusor
The thick muscular layer[detrusor] -intermingled smooth muscle fibres arranged in inner and outer
longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer
54
```
How many openings are present on the interior of the bladder in an area called the trigone at the base of
the bladder (for 2 ureters and one urethra)?
```
```
There are Three openings are present on the interior of the bladder in an area called the trigone at the base of
the bladder (for 2 ureters and one urethra)
```
55
What do the kidneys produce?
The kidneys produce urine , erythropoietin , renin and calcitrol
56
What do the ureters transport?
The ureters transport urine to the urinary bladder
57
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine prior to excretion
58
What is the function of the urethra?
The urethra conducts urine to the exterior
59
Describe the outflow of urine
Kidneys[production of urine] - ureters - urinary bladder - urethra - exterior
60
• Where are the kidneys located?
The kidneys are located laterally between thoracic vertebra 12 and lumbar vertebra 3
61
• What are the kidneys covered by?
The kidneys are covered by the spleen , stomach , pancreas , colon
62
• What are the kidneys capped by?
The kidneys are capped superiorly by adrenal glands
63
The kidneys are retroperitoneal –
meaning behind peritoneum
64
The kidneys have a hilus. What is a hilus?
A hilus is a point of entry for renal artery , exit for renal vein and ureter
65
Describe the ureters
• The ureters are a pair of muscular tubes that begin at the renal pelvis[in the kidney] and extend to the urinary bladder at the ureteral opening
66
• The ureters are retroperitoneal structures. What does this mean?
they are firmly attached to the posterior abdominal wall
67
Describe the ureteral opening. State the function of ureteral opening
• The ureteral opening is slit – like and it prevents the backflow of urine
68
Describe the urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ
69
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
The urinary bladder serves as temporary “storage reservoir” for urine
70
What is the superior surface of the urinary bladder covered by?
The superior surface of the urinary bladder is covered by peritoneum – peritoneal folds help in stabilizing its[the urinary bladder] positions
71
What does the mucosa lining of the bladder turn into?
The mucosa lining of bladder turns into folds – rugae
72
The urinary bladder has a ...
trigone
73
Describe the trigone.
The trigone is a triangular area bounding the ureteral opening and the entrance to the urethra
74
What does the trigone act as?
The trigone acts as a funnel – channels urine to the urethra when the bladder contracts
75
What does the neck of the bladder surround?
The neck of the bladder surrounds the urethral opening
76
What does the neck of the bladder contain?
The neck of the bladder contains muscular urethral sphincter
77
Where does the urethra extend?
The urethra extends from the neck of the bladder to the exterior
78
The male and female urethra differ in
function and length
79
What does the urethra pass through and what does it form as it passes through?
In both genders , the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm[circular band of skeletal muscle forming external urethral sphincter
80
How long is the female urethra?
Shorter than the male urethra 3 – 5 cm long
81
What does the female urethra extend from?
The female urethra extends from the bladder to the vestibule
82
Where is the external urethral opening ?
The external urethral opening is near the anterior wall of the vagina
83
How long is the male urethra?
Longer than the female urethra. 18 – 20 cm long
84
What does the male urethra extend from?
The male urethra extends from the neck of the bladder to the tip of the penis
85
The male urethra has 3 portions , namely :
* Prostatic urethra
* membranous urethra
* penile urethra
86
Describe the membranous urethra.
Membranous urethra – short segment penetrating the urogenital diaphragm
87
What does the prostatic urethra pass through
Prostatic urethra – passes through the centre of the prostate gland
88
What does the penile urethra extend from?
Penile urethra – extends from the urogenital diaphragm to the external opening at the tip of the penis
89
List the principal organs of the female genital system.
* Ovaries
* Uterine tubes
* Uterus
* Vagina
* External genitalia
90
What does the vagina open into?
The vagina opens into the vestibule
91
What is the vestibule bounded by?
The vestibule is bounded by the labia minora
92
The clitoris is the female...
equivalent of the penis
93
What does the female external genitalia contain?
The clitoris contains erectile tissue
94
What happens to the clitoris during sexual arousal?
The clitoris becomes engorged with blood during
| sexual arousal
95
Describe the Mons Pubis.
Mons Pubis : A Prominent bulge anterior to the
| pubic symphysis
96
Describe the Labia majora.
Labia majora : Fleshy tissue encircling
| labia minora & vestibular structures
97
What are the ovaries , uterine tubes and the uterus enclosed within?
The ovaries , uterine tubes and the uterus are enclosed within the Broad Ligament
98
Describe the mesosalpinx.
The mesosalpinx is the broad ligament attaching to the uterine tube
99
Describe the mesovarium
The mesovarium is the broad ligament attaching to the ovary
100
Where are the ovaries located?
The ovaries are located in the lateral wall pelvic cavity
101
List the functions of the ovaries.
The ovaries :
produce ova
secrete hormones
102
List the 2 ligaments in the ovaries.
Ovarian ligament
| Suspensory ligament
103
Where does the ovarian ligament extend from?
OVARIAN LIG : Extends from the
| uterus to the ovary
104
Where does the suspensory ligament extend from?
SUSPENSORY LIG : Extends from the
| ovary to the pelvic wall.
105
The ovaries have dense connective tissue. What is it called?
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
106
UTERINE TUBES - Where does the infundibulum end?
The infundibulum ends close to the ovary
107
Describe the infundibulum.
The infundibulum has finger - like projections - fimbriae - to catch ova
108
Describe the ampulla.
The ampulla is the expanded portion connected to the infundibulum
109
Describe the isthmus.
The isthmus is the short segment adjacent to the uterine wall
110
Describe the uterus.
The uterus is a small pear-shaped organ
111
Where does the uterus lie?
The uterus lies across superior and posterior surfaces of the urinary bladder
112
What is the function of the uterus?
The uterus provides mechanical protection,
nutritional support, waste removal
for developing embryo & foetus
113
The uterus has 2 parts , namely
body and cervix
114
What is the largest portion of the uterus?
The Body is the largest portion
115
Describe the fundus.
The fundus is the rounded portion of body
| above uterine tubes
116
Where does the body of the uterus end?
Body ends at constriction- isthmus
117
Describe the cervix.
Cervix : Portion of uterus from isthmus
| to vagina
118
List and describe the layers of the uterine wall
Myometrium - outer muscular layer
| endometrium - inner glandular layer
119
What is the function of the uterine wall?
The uterine wall supports physiological demands of
| growing foetus
120
Describe the vagina.
The vagina is a muscular tube from the cervix to the vestibule
121
What happens proximally?
The cervix projects into the vaginal canal
122
Describe the fornix.
The fornix is a shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion
123
List the principal structures of the male urogenital system in the order of the outflow of sperm.
sperm - epididymus - ductus[vas] deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra
124
List the accessory organs of the male urogenital system.
* SEMINAL VESICLES
* PROSTATE GLAND
* BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
125
What does the external genitalia consist of?
The external genitalia consists of the scrotum and the penis
126
Describe the shape of the testes.
The testes are oval in shape.
127
Where do the testes hang?
The testes hang within the scrotum(pouch suspended inferior to perineum & ant to
anus)
128
Briefly describe the pathway of the spermatic duct.
The spermatic duct begins at the deep inguinal ring , extends along the inguinal canal , exits at the superficial inguinal ring and descends into the scrotum
129
When is the spermatic duct formed ?
The spermatic duct is formed during the descent of the testes
130
What does the spermatic duct contain?
The spermatic duct contains the ductus deferens,
testicular artery, pampiniform
plexus of testicular vein,
inilinguinal & genitofemoral nerves
131
Where does the ductus deferens begin?
The ductus deferens begins at the tail of the epididymis.
132
What does the ductus deferens extend through?
The ductus deferens ascends through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord
133
Where does the ductus deferens pass?
The ductus deferens passes posteriorly - curves along the bladder toward the prostate gland
134
Where is the AMPULLA[enlarged portion]?
Before reaching the prostate and seminal vesicles.
135
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
The ductus deferens transports & stores sperm
136
Junction of ampulla with base of
| seminal vesicle =
EJACULATORY DUCT
137
Where does the urethra extend from?
The urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
138
The urethra is the common passageway for..
urine and semen
139
What are the seminal vesicles embedded in?
The seminal vesicles are embedded in
140
Where is the seminal fluid discharged?
```
The seminal fluid is discharged into ductus deferens at
emission via peristaltic
contractions of ductus
deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland
```
141
What are the contractions of the seminal vesicles controlled by?
The contractions are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system
142
Describe the prostate gland.
The prostate gland is a small , muscular rounded organ
143
What does the prostate gland produce?
The prostate gland produces prostatic fluid
- contributes 20-30%
volume of semen
144
What does the prostate gland contain?
The prostate gland contains antibiotic fluid
that helps prevent urinary
tract infections in males
145
Where are the bulbourethral glands situated?
The bulbourethral glands are situated at the base of the penis
146
What do the ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into?
The ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into the urethra
147
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
The bulbourethral glands secrete thick alkaline mucus which helps to neutralise urinary acids that may remain in the urethra
148
What the bulbourethral glands provide?
The bulbourethral glands provide lubrication for the tip of the
penis
149
Describe the penis
The penis is a tubular organ
150
What does the penis contain?
The penis contains the distal portion of the urethra
151
The penis has 3 regions , namely:
ROOT , BODY[SHAFT] GLANS
152
What does the root attach the penis to?
The root attaches the penis to the ischium
153
Describe the body of the penis and state what it contains.
BODY (SHAFT) : Tubular, movable
| portion. Contains 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue
154
Describe the glans.
GLANS : Expanded distal end -surrounds external urethral
| opening
155
What does the corpus spongiosum contain?
The corpus spongiosum contains spongy urethra
156
Where are the corpora cavernosa fused together?
The corpora cavernosa are fused together in the median plane
157
CORPORA CAVERNOSA - Where are the 2 crura attached?
The 2 crura are attached on each side to the pubis and ischium
158
What does the root of the penis bulb consist of?
Crura , bulb , ischiocavernosus and bulbspongiosus
159
Describe the body of the penis.
The body of the penis is pendulous in flaccid state
160
Describe the external urethral opening.
The EXTERNAL URETHRAL OPENING is a
| Slit-like opening of spongy urethra-near tip of glans
161
What is the prepuce?
The prepuce is the Double layer of skin covering glans
