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MUSCULO - SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What do you think makes up the musculo - skeletal system?

A

bones , joint/articulations and muscles

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2
Q

what are the components of the musculo - skeletal system?

A

it is a combination of both the muscular and skeletal system

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3
Q

what does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones and the joints between them

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4
Q

what does the muscular system consist of?

A

individual and groups of muscles that act on these levers - bones

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5
Q

what happens when muscles act on bones?

A

it results in movements

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6
Q

Bone is the hardest of all living tissues and it is the most modified of connective tissues. what does the bone consist of?

A
  1. cells and fibres[organic components - 1/3 of the bone makeup]
  2. calcium salts[inorganic component - 2/3 of the bone makeup]
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7
Q

what do cells and fibres provide the bone with?

A

cells and fibres provide the bone with elasticity

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8
Q

what do calcium salts provide the bone with?

A

calcium salts provide the bone with rigidity

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9
Q

what are the cellular components of the bone made up of ?

A

osteoblasts , osteocytes , and osteoclasts

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10
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

osteoblasts lay down new bone and become osteocytes

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11
Q

where are osteocytes found?

A

osteocytes are found within mature bone

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12
Q

what is the osteoclast responsible for?

A

the osteoclast is responsible for the resorption of bone - a process that continues lifelong

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13
Q

what do the osteoprogenitor cells develop into?

A

the osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts

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14
Q

what does an osteoblast do?

A

an osteoblast forms the matrix of bone tissue

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15
Q

what do some osteoblasts do?

A

alternate into osteocytes

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16
Q

what does an osteocyte do?

A

an osteocyte maintains the matrix of bone tissue

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17
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A

to support , protect[skull , thorax , vertebrae] , allows movement to occur , haemopoeisis[the formation of blood cells] , calcium reservoir

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18
Q

why do humans need calcium?

A

so that the bone stays strong. if there is no calcium , the bone will become brittle and susceptible to breakage

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19
Q

bones are classified according to :

A
  1. shape
  2. structural pattern
    3 method of formation[ i.e ossification] and location : axial and appendicular
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20
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

bones of the head[cranium or skull] , neck[hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae] , and trunk [ ribs , sternum , vertebrae , and sacrum]

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21
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

the bones of the limbs , including those forming the pectoral [shoulder] and pelvic girdles

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22
Q

describe the long bone

A

long bone is tubular[e.g. humerus in the arm] , has a shaft[a medullary/marrow cavity] and the long bone has 2 extremities

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23
Q

what type bone does the long bone contain?

A

compact bone - thick in shaft [cortex]

cancellous[spongy] bone - found in the extremities

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24
Q

what does a fresh bone consist of?

A

hyaline cartilage , periosteum , nutrient artery enters the endosteum , bone marrow , capsule called synovium

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25
describe short bones.
short bones are cuboidal
26
where are short bones found?
short bones are found only in the tarsus[ankle] and carpus[wrist]
27
what do short bones contain?
a thin outline of compact bone
28
what do short bones surround?
a core of spongy bone
29
describe irregular bones
irregular bones have various shapes other than long , short or flat[e.g. the bones of the face]
30
list 2 sesamoid bones.
patella[largest of sesamoid bones] and the pisiform[ bone of the hand]
31
what does the flat bone consist of?
2 layers of compact bone - sandwiching the inner layer of spongy bone
32
what is diploe?
diploe is the spongy cancellous bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull.
33
when bones are classified by structure , how can they be distinguished?
they are distinguished by the relative amount of solid matter and by the number and size of the spaces they contain
34
what does the haversian canal contain?
the vein and the artery
35
what are the volkmann's canals?
the connection between the haversian canals
36
BY METHOD OF FORMATION - Which bones are the membrane bones?
mainly flat bones
37
when does the process begin?
6th week of gestation
38
where do the bones develop from?
the bone develop directly from mesenchyme[embryonic connective tissue] without an intermediate cartilage model being formed - intra [membranous] ossification
39
describe endochondral ossification.
the mesenchyme[embryonic connective tissue] will initially form at 6 weeks and it will change into a cartilage model of the future bone
40
where does the cartilage model start to ossify ?
at the centre of the shaft[primary ossification centre]
41
ossification proceeds...
proximally and distally until birth where the whole shaft is ossified
42
what happens after birth?
the extremities ossify[until the whole bone is formed]and they will have their own ossification centre - secondary ossification centre
43
where do the 2 extremities get their rich blood supply?
from the epiphysial artery
44
which 3 main sources supply blood to the long bone ?
nutrient artery , metaphyseal - epiphyseal system and the periosteal system
45
briefly describe the nutrient artery system.
the nutrient artery system is a high - pressure system that branches from major systemic arteries
46
what does the nutrient artery system supply blood to?
the inner 2/3 of bone within the haversian system
47
where do the metaphyseal - epiphyseal arteries arise?
the metaphyseal - epiphyseal arteries arise from the periarticular plexus
48
where is the periarticular plexus found?
around the joint area of a long bone
49
briefly describe the periosteal artery system
The periosteal artery system is a low-pressure system that supplies the outer 1/3 of bone with blood
50
what is the periosteal artery system connected through?
The periosteal artery system is connected through Haversian and Volkmann canals.
51
where does haemopoeisis[formation of blood cells] take place?
in the bone marrow
52
list the blood cells formed
red blood cells - many types , platelets and white blood cells[ lymphocytes , monocytes , eosinophils , basophils and neurophils]
53
what is the study of joints known as?
arthrology
54
what is an articulation/joint?
a connection of 2 or more bones or cartilages
55
classification of joints
fibrous , cartilaginous and synovial
56
what takes places at a fibrous joint?
the adjacent bones are directly connected to each other by fibrous connective tissue - this means that there is no joint cavity between the bones
57
list the 3 types of fibrous joints
sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses
58
what takes place at a cartilaginous joint?
the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue.
59
what do synovial joints contain?
a joint cavity that contains fluid
60
what happens at the fluid filled space[joint cavity containing fluid]?
the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other
61
what are the 6 types of synovial joints
hinge , ellipsoid/condyloid , ball & socket , gliding , pivot , saddle
62
define Hilton's law
the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the insertion of these muscles
63
list the movements that joints allow
* Flexion * Extension * Abduction * Adduction * Circumduction * Rotation
64
why is myology?
the study of muscles
65
how much of your body weight does the muscle tissue constitute?
Muscle tissue constitutes about ½ ones body weight
66
Muscle tissue consists of specialised cells with the following characteristics :
1. EXCITABILITY - ABILITY TO RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO STIMULI 2. CONTRACTILITY - ABILITY TO SHORTEN & THICKEN OR CONTRACT 3. EXTENSIBILITY - ABILITY TO STRETCH OR EXTEND 4. ELASTICITY - ABILITY TO RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE
67
list the functions of the muscle
``` • MOTION – both obvious (e.g. walking) and not obvious (e.g. heart pumping) • MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE – sitting and standing (stationary) • PRODUCTION OF HEAT – up to 85% of all heat ```
68
list the types of muscles
skeletal [striated and voluntary] , cardiac and smooth (non | striated and involuntary)

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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