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Gastrointestinal tract[GIT] Flashcards

1
Q

What does the gastrointestinal tract consist of?

A

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the muscular digestive tract and various accessory organs viz. :

  1. Oral cavity , teeth , tongue
  2. Salivary gland
  3. Pharynx
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Pancreas
  9. Liver
  10. Gallbladder
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2
Q

• What takes place in the oral cavity , teeth , tongue?

A

Mechanical processing , moistening , mixing with salivary secretions

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3
Q

What takes place in the salivary glands?

A

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates

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4
Q

What takes place in the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal muscles propel materials into the esophagus

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5
Q

What takes place in the esophagus?

A

The transportation of materials to the stomach

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6
Q

What takes place in the stomach?

A

The chemical breakdown of materials by the acid and enzymes

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7
Q

What takes place in the small intestine?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water , organic substrates , vitamins and ions

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8
Q

What takes place in the large intestine?

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

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9
Q

What takes place in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes ; endocrine cells secrete hormones

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10
Q

• What takes place in the liver?

A

Secretion of bile[ important for lipid digestion] , storage of nutrients , many other vital functions

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11
Q

• What takes place in the gallbladder?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

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12
Q

List all the functions of the oral cavity.

A
  1. The oral cavity analyses potential food
  2. Mechanical processing [using the teeth , tongue and palatal surfaces] takes places in the oral cavity
  3. Responsible for lubrication by mixing with mucus and salivary secretions
  4. Digestion by salivary enzymes
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13
Q

What do the structures of the oral cavity include?

A

Structures of the oral cavity include the teeth , the tongue and the salivary glands

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14
Q

Name the deciduous[milk] teeth.

A 
Incisors – central [6 to 8 months]
Lateral[ 8 to 10 months]
Canine [eye tooth] {16 to 20 months}
Molars : 1st molar [10 to 15 months]
2nd molar[ about 2 years]
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15
Q

Name the permanent teeth.

A

Incisors – central [7 years]
Lateral [8 years]
Canine [eye tooth] {11 years}
Premolars[bicuspids] - first premolar[11 years]
Second premolar [12 to 13 years]
Molars – first molar [6 to 7 years]
Third molar[wisdom tooth] {17 to 25 years}

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16
Q

The tongue is a mobile muscular organ involved in:

A 
The tongue is a mobile muscular organ involved in :
 •	Mastication 
•	Taste 
•	Swallowing 
•	Speech 
•	Oral cleansing
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17
Q

The oral cavity has 3 salivary glands , namely :

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

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18
Q

• Where does the parotid gland lie?

A

The parotid gland lies inferior to the zygomatic arch beneath the skin covering the lateral and posterior surface of the mandible

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19
Q

• Describe the shape of the parotid gland. Where does the parotid gland extend from?

A

The parotid gland has an irregular shape , extending from the mastoid process of the temporal bone across the outer surface of the masseter muscle

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20
Q

• Where are the secretions of all the glands drained?

A

The secretions of all the glands are drained by the parotid duct

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21
Q

• Where is the submandibular gland located?

A

The submandibular gland is located on/in the floor of the mouth along the inner surface of the mandible within the mandibular groove

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22
Q

What do the submandibular ducts open into?

A

The submandibular ducts open into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum , posterior to the teeth

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23
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

The sublingual gland is located beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth

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24
Q

Where do numerous sublingual ducts open?

A

Numerous sublingual ducts open along either side of the lingual frenulum

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25
List all the muscles involved in the swallowing process.
Pharyngeal constrictors , palatopharyngeus , stylopharyngeus , and palatal muscles
26
• Where does deglutition begin?
Deglutition begins with the compaction of a bolus – its movement into the pharynx
27
What happens during the swallowing process?
Elevation of the larynx , reflection of the epiglottis and the closure of the glottis
28
• What happens after the upper esophageal sphincter is opened ?
After the upper esophageal sphincter is open , peristalsis moves the bolus down the esophagus to the lower esophageal sphincter
29
Where does swallowing proceed when initiated?
Swallowing once initiated , proceeds automatically through the buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases
30
• What is an oesophagus?
The oesophagus is a hollow muscular tube that transports food and liquids to the stomach
31
• Where does the oesophagus extend?
The oesophagus extends from the pharynx to the stomach
32
What curve does the oesophagus follow ?
The oesophagus follows the curve of the vertebral column
33
• Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
The oesophagus pierces the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra
34
How is the oesophagus covered in the abdomen?
The oesophagus is covered anteriorly and laterally in the abdomen by [the] peritoneum = retroperitoneal
35
Where is the stomach located?
The stomach is located in the left hypochondriac , epigastric portions of the umbilical and left lumbar regions
36
What are the functions of the stomach?
* The stomach provides bulk storage for ingested matter * The stomach is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of resistant materials * The stomach disrupts the chemical bonds using acids and enzymes
37
What is the stomach wall formed by?
The stomach wall is formed by the mucosa , submucosa , muscularis , serosa layers
38
The mucosa and submucosa are thrown into...
longitudinal folds called rugae
39
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
The pyloric sphincter guards the exit from the stomach into the duodenum
40
Describe the shape of the stomach.
The stomach has a shape of an expanded J
41
What does the lesser curvature form?
• The lesser curvature forms the medial surface of organ – forms the shorter , concave , medial surface of the stomach ; concave medial border
42
What does the greater curvature form?
• The greater curvature forms the lateral surface ; convex lateral border
43
Where is the angular notch located?
the angular notch is located along the lesser curvature ; junction of the body of the stomach and the pyloric part
44
List the parts of the stomach.
``` angular notch cardia fundus body pyloric part ```
45
Where is the cardia located?
the cardia is located around the opening of the oesophagus
46
Describe the fundus.
Fundus – dilated superior part of the stomach : related to the left dome of the diaphragm
47
Where is the body located?
the body is between the fundus and the pyloric antrum
48
The pyloric part has 2 parts , namely
Pyloric part – has 2 parts : the pyloric antrum and the pyloric canal
49
• What are the anterior relations of the stomach?
The diaphragm , the left lobe of the liver , the anterior abdominal wall
50
Stomach bed - where does the stomach rest?
Stomach bed – the stomach rests between the posterior abdominal wall and ffg [fusiform gyrus] structures
51
Name the fusiform gyrus[ffg] structure.
The diaphragm , the transverse colon , transverse mesocolon , pancreas , spleen , coeliac trunk , the left adrenal gland , the superior part of the left kidney
52
Where does the small intestine extend from?
The small intestine extends from the pylorus to the ileocaecal junction
53
The small intestine includes :
The duodenum , the jejenum and the ileum
54
What does the intestinal mucosa bears?
The intestinal mucosa bears : • Transverse folds – plicae circulares • Small projections – intestinal villi
55
What do the transverse folds[plicae circulares] & the small projections[intestinal villi] increase?
The transverse folds[plicae circulares] & the small projections[intestinal villi] increase the surface area for absorption
56
What does each villus contain?
Each villus contains a terminal lymphatic called a lacteal
57
What role does the small intestine play?
The small intestine plays the primary role in digestion and absorption of nutrients
58
First part of the small intestine :
duodenum
59
Describe the duodenum.
The duodenum is the shortest , widest , most fixed part
60
Describe the shape of the duodenum.
The duodenum has a C – shaped course around the head of the pancreas
61
Where does the duodenum begin and end?
The duodenum begins at the pylorus and it ends at the duodenojejunal junction
62
Where do the bile and pancreatic ducts enter?
The bile and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum’s posteromedial wall
63
What is the duodenojejunal flexure?
The duodenojejunal flexure is the junction of the duodenum and the jejunum
64
How long is the jejunum and the ileum?
They are both 6 to 7 metres long
65
Where does the jejunum and the ileum lie?
The jejunum lies in the umbilical region. The ileum lies in the suprapubic and right inguinal regions
66
What does the mesentery do?
The mesentery attaches most of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
67
List the root of the mesentery crosses.
* The horizontal part of the duodenum , abdominal aorta * Inferior Vena Cava[IVC] , right psoas major muscle , right ureter * Right gonadal vessels
68
What are the thickened bands of muscle called?
The thickened bands of muscle are called teniae coli
69
What are the sacculations between the teniae called?
The sacculations between teniae are called haustra
70
What are the omental [epiploic] appendages?
The omental [epiploic] appendages are small pouches of omentum filled with fat
71
How does the large intestine begin?
The large intestine begins as a pouch inferior to the terminal portion of the ileum
72
Where does the large intestine end?
The large intestine ends at the anus
73
List the functions of the large intestine.
1. The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts faeces 2. The large intestine absorbs vitamins liberated by the bacteria 3. The large intestine stores faecal material before defaecation
74
The large intestine has 3 parts , namely
cecum/caecum colon rectum
75
• What does the cecum/caecum do? Which valve opens into the cecum/caecum?
The cecum/caecum collects and stores chyme | • The ileocecal valve opens into the cecum
76
• What the colon bear?
The colon bears haustra , taeniae coli , epiploic appendages
77
• The colon is subdivided into 4 regions :
Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid
78
• Where does the colon terminate?
The colon terminates in anorectal canal
79
• What does the rectum lead to?
The rectum leads to the anus
80
• What do the muscular sphincters control?
The muscular sphincters control the passage of faecal material to the anus
81
What is the first part of the large intestine?
• The caecum is the first part of the large intestine
82
• What is the caecum continuous with?
The caecum is continuous with the ascending colon
83
• Where does the caecum lie?
The caecum lies in iliac fossa
84
• The caecum doesn’t have
a mesentery
85
* The caecum has vermiform appendix. | * Where is this vermiform appendix attached?
The vermiform appendix is attached inferior to the ileocaecal junction
86
The appendix has short triangular mesentery – mesoappendix. Where does the mesoappendix suspend from?
The appendix has short triangular mesentery – mesoappendix : that suspends it from mesentery of the terminal ileum
87
Where does the ascending colon pass?
The ascending colon passes superiorly from the caecum on the right side of the abdominal cavity to the liver , turns to the left as right colic flexure
88
Where does the ascending colon lie?
The ascending colon lies retroperitoneally along side the posterior abdominal wall
89
What is the ascending colon covered with?
The ascending colon is covered with peritoneum anteriorly and on its sides
90
What separates the ascending colon from the anterior abdominal wall?
The ascending colon is separated from the anterior abdominal wall by the coils of the small intestine and greater omentum
91
Which part of the large intestine is the largest & most mobile?
The transverse colon is the largest and most mobile part of the large intestine.
92
Where does the transverse colon cross the abdomen?
The transverse colon crosses the abdomen from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure
93
How does the transverse colon become the descending colon?
The transverse colon bends inferiorly to become the descending colon
94
Where does the descending colon pass?
The descending colon passes retroperitoneally from the left colic flexure into the left iliac fossa. The descending colon becomes continuous with the sigmoid colon
95
Describe the sigmoid colon.
The sigmoid colon is a S – shaped loop – variable in length
96
What does the sigmoid colon link?
The sigmoid colon links the descending colon and the rectum
97
Where does the sigmoid colon extend from?
The sigmoid colon extends from the pelvic brim to the 3rd segment of sacrum where it joins the rectum
98
List the accessory digestive organs.
* Liver * Gallbladder * Pancreas
99
List the functions of the liver
* The liver performs metabolic and hematological regulation | * The liver produces bile
100
The liver is divided into 4 lobes , namely:
* Left lobe * Right lobe * Quadrate lobe * Caudate lobe
101
Which blood vessels are part of arterial supply?
• Arterial supply : hepatic artery , hepatic portal vein
102
What takes place during venous drainage?
• Venous drainage : hepatic veins drain blood from the liver and returns the blood to the systemic circuit via the IVC – Inferior Vena Cava
103
Describe the gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a hollow muscular organ
104
What does the gallbladder do?
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
105
What does the gallbladder consist of?
The gallbladder consists of : | A Fundus , a body and a neck
106
What does the pancreas consist of?
The pancreas consists of a head , a body and a tail
107
What does the pancreatic duct penetrate?
The pancreatic duct penetrates the wall of duodenum
108
What type of organ is the pancreas?
The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine organ
109
List the exocrine functions of the pancreas.
* The pancreas secretes H2O * The pancreas secretes ions * The pancreas transports digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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