Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 201 > Gastrointestinal tract[GIT] > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract[GIT] Flashcards

1
Q

What does the gastrointestinal tract consist of?

A

The gastrointestinal tract consists of the muscular digestive tract and various accessory organs viz. :

  1. Oral cavity , teeth , tongue
  2. Salivary gland
  3. Pharynx
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Large intestine
  8. Pancreas
  9. Liver
  10. Gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

• What takes place in the oral cavity , teeth , tongue?

A

Mechanical processing , moistening , mixing with salivary secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What takes place in the salivary glands?

A

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What takes place in the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal muscles propel materials into the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What takes place in the esophagus?

A

The transportation of materials to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What takes place in the stomach?

A

The chemical breakdown of materials by the acid and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What takes place in the small intestine?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water , organic substrates , vitamins and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What takes place in the large intestine?

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What takes place in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes ; endocrine cells secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• What takes place in the liver?

A

Secretion of bile[ important for lipid digestion] , storage of nutrients , many other vital functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

• What takes place in the gallbladder?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List all the functions of the oral cavity.

A
  1. The oral cavity analyses potential food
  2. Mechanical processing [using the teeth , tongue and palatal surfaces] takes places in the oral cavity
  3. Responsible for lubrication by mixing with mucus and salivary secretions
  4. Digestion by salivary enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the structures of the oral cavity include?

A

Structures of the oral cavity include the teeth , the tongue and the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the deciduous[milk] teeth.

A 
Incisors – central [6 to 8 months]
Lateral[ 8 to 10 months]
Canine [eye tooth] {16 to 20 months}
Molars : 1st molar [10 to 15 months]
2nd molar[ about 2 years]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the permanent teeth.

A

Incisors – central [7 years]
Lateral [8 years]
Canine [eye tooth] {11 years}
Premolars[bicuspids] - first premolar[11 years]
Second premolar [12 to 13 years]
Molars – first molar [6 to 7 years]
Third molar[wisdom tooth] {17 to 25 years}

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The tongue is a mobile muscular organ involved in:

A 
The tongue is a mobile muscular organ involved in :
 •	Mastication 
•	Taste 
•	Swallowing 
•	Speech 
•	Oral cleansing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The oral cavity has 3 salivary glands , namely :

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

• Where does the parotid gland lie?

A

The parotid gland lies inferior to the zygomatic arch beneath the skin covering the lateral and posterior surface of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Describe the shape of the parotid gland. Where does the parotid gland extend from?

A

The parotid gland has an irregular shape , extending from the mastoid process of the temporal bone across the outer surface of the masseter muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

• Where are the secretions of all the glands drained?

A

The secretions of all the glands are drained by the parotid duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• Where is the submandibular gland located?

A

The submandibular gland is located on/in the floor of the mouth along the inner surface of the mandible within the mandibular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the submandibular ducts open into?

A

The submandibular ducts open into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum , posterior to the teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

The sublingual gland is located beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do numerous sublingual ducts open?

A

Numerous sublingual ducts open along either side of the lingual frenulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List all the muscles involved in the swallowing process.

A

Pharyngeal constrictors , palatopharyngeus , stylopharyngeus , and palatal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

• Where does deglutition begin?

A

Deglutition begins with the compaction of a bolus – its movement into the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens during the swallowing process?

A

Elevation of the larynx , reflection of the epiglottis and the closure of the glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

• What happens after the upper esophageal sphincter is opened ?

A

After the upper esophageal sphincter is open , peristalsis moves the bolus down the esophagus to the lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does swallowing proceed when initiated?

A

Swallowing once initiated , proceeds automatically through the buccopharyngeal and esophageal phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

• What is an oesophagus?

A

The oesophagus is a hollow muscular tube that transports food and liquids to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

• Where does the oesophagus extend?

A

The oesophagus extends from the pharynx to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What curve does the oesophagus follow ?

A

The oesophagus follows the curve of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

• Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

The oesophagus pierces the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is the oesophagus covered in the abdomen?

A

The oesophagus is covered anteriorly and laterally in the abdomen by [the] peritoneum = retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

The stomach is located in the left hypochondriac , epigastric portions of the umbilical and left lumbar regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • The stomach provides bulk storage for ingested matter
  • The stomach is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of resistant materials
  • The stomach disrupts the chemical bonds using acids and enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the stomach wall formed by?

A

The stomach wall is formed by the mucosa , submucosa , muscularis , serosa layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The mucosa and submucosa are thrown into…

A

longitudinal folds called rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

The pyloric sphincter guards the exit from the stomach into the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the shape of the stomach.

A

The stomach has a shape of an expanded J

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the lesser curvature form?

A

• The lesser curvature forms the medial surface of organ – forms the shorter , concave , medial surface of the stomach ; concave medial border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the greater curvature form?

A

• The greater curvature forms the lateral surface ; convex lateral border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the angular notch located?

A

the angular notch is located along the lesser curvature ; junction of the body of the stomach and the pyloric part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

List the parts of the stomach.

A 
angular notch 
cardia 
fundus 
body 
pyloric part
45
Q

Where is the cardia located?

A

the cardia is located around the opening of the oesophagus

46
Q

Describe the fundus.

A

Fundus – dilated superior part of the stomach : related to the left dome of the diaphragm

47
Q

Where is the body located?

A

the body is between the fundus and the pyloric antrum

48
Q

The pyloric part has 2 parts , namely

A

Pyloric part – has 2 parts : the pyloric antrum and the pyloric canal

49
Q

• What are the anterior relations of the stomach?

A

The diaphragm , the left lobe of the liver , the anterior abdominal wall

50
Q

Stomach bed - where does the stomach rest?

A

Stomach bed – the stomach rests between the posterior abdominal wall and ffg [fusiform gyrus] structures

51
Q

Name the fusiform gyrus[ffg] structure.

A

The diaphragm , the transverse colon , transverse mesocolon , pancreas , spleen , coeliac trunk , the left adrenal gland , the superior part of the left kidney

52
Q

Where does the small intestine extend from?

A

The small intestine extends from the pylorus to the ileocaecal junction

53
Q

The small intestine includes :

A

The duodenum , the jejenum and the ileum

54
Q

What does the intestinal mucosa bears?

A

The intestinal mucosa bears :
• Transverse folds – plicae circulares
• Small projections – intestinal villi

55
Q

What do the transverse folds[plicae circulares] & the small projections[intestinal villi] increase?

A

The transverse folds[plicae circulares] & the small projections[intestinal villi] increase the surface area for absorption

56
Q

What does each villus contain?

A

Each villus contains a terminal lymphatic called a lacteal

57
Q

What role does the small intestine play?

A

The small intestine plays the primary role in digestion and absorption of nutrients

58
Q

First part of the small intestine :

A

duodenum

59
Q

Describe the duodenum.

A

The duodenum is the shortest , widest , most fixed part

60
Q

Describe the shape of the duodenum.

A

The duodenum has a C – shaped course around the head of the pancreas

61
Q

Where does the duodenum begin and end?

A

The duodenum begins at the pylorus and it ends at the duodenojejunal junction

62
Q

Where do the bile and pancreatic ducts enter?

A

The bile and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum’s posteromedial wall

63
Q

What is the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

The duodenojejunal flexure is the junction of the duodenum and the jejunum

64
Q

How long is the jejunum and the ileum?

A

They are both 6 to 7 metres long

65
Q

Where does the jejunum and the ileum lie?

A

The jejunum lies in the umbilical region. The ileum lies in the suprapubic and right inguinal regions

66
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

The mesentery attaches most of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

67
Q

List the root of the mesentery crosses.

A
  • The horizontal part of the duodenum , abdominal aorta
  • Inferior Vena Cava[IVC] , right psoas major muscle , right ureter
  • Right gonadal vessels
68
Q

What are the thickened bands of muscle called?

A

The thickened bands of muscle are called teniae coli

69
Q

What are the sacculations between the teniae called?

A

The sacculations between teniae are called haustra

70
Q

What are the omental [epiploic] appendages?

A

The omental [epiploic] appendages are small pouches of omentum filled with fat

71
Q

How does the large intestine begin?

A

The large intestine begins as a pouch inferior to the terminal portion of the ileum

72
Q

Where does the large intestine end?

A

The large intestine ends at the anus

73
Q

List the functions of the large intestine.

A
  1. The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts faeces
  2. The large intestine absorbs vitamins liberated by the bacteria
  3. The large intestine stores faecal material before defaecation
74
Q

The large intestine has 3 parts , namely

A

cecum/caecum
colon
rectum

75
Q

• What does the cecum/caecum do? Which valve opens into the cecum/caecum?

A

The cecum/caecum collects and stores chyme

• The ileocecal valve opens into the cecum

76
Q

• What the colon bear?

A

The colon bears haustra , taeniae coli , epiploic appendages

77
Q

• The colon is subdivided into 4 regions :

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

78
Q

• Where does the colon terminate?

A

The colon terminates in anorectal canal

79
Q

• What does the rectum lead to?

A

The rectum leads to the anus

80
Q

• What do the muscular sphincters control?

A

The muscular sphincters control the passage of faecal material to the anus

81
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine?

A

• The caecum is the first part of the large intestine

82
Q

• What is the caecum continuous with?

A

The caecum is continuous with the ascending colon

83
Q

• Where does the caecum lie?

A

The caecum lies in iliac fossa

84
Q

• The caecum doesn’t have

A

a mesentery

85
Q
  • The caecum has vermiform appendix.

* Where is this vermiform appendix attached?

A

The vermiform appendix is attached inferior to the ileocaecal junction

86
Q

The appendix has short triangular mesentery – mesoappendix. Where does the mesoappendix suspend from?

A

The appendix has short triangular mesentery – mesoappendix : that suspends it from mesentery of the terminal ileum

87
Q

Where does the ascending colon pass?

A

The ascending colon passes superiorly from the caecum on the right side of the abdominal cavity to the liver , turns to the left as right colic flexure

88
Q

Where does the ascending colon lie?

A

The ascending colon lies retroperitoneally along side the posterior abdominal wall

89
Q

What is the ascending colon covered with?

A

The ascending colon is covered with peritoneum anteriorly and on its sides

90
Q

What separates the ascending colon from the anterior abdominal wall?

A

The ascending colon is separated from the anterior abdominal wall by the coils of the small intestine and greater omentum

91
Q

Which part of the large intestine is the largest & most mobile?

A

The transverse colon is the largest and most mobile part of the large intestine.

92
Q

Where does the transverse colon cross the abdomen?

A

The transverse colon crosses the abdomen from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure

93
Q

How does the transverse colon become the descending colon?

A

The transverse colon bends inferiorly to become the descending colon

94
Q

Where does the descending colon pass?

A

The descending colon passes retroperitoneally from the left colic flexure into the left iliac fossa. The descending colon becomes continuous with the sigmoid colon

95
Q

Describe the sigmoid colon.

A

The sigmoid colon is a S – shaped loop – variable in length

96
Q

What does the sigmoid colon link?

A

The sigmoid colon links the descending colon and the rectum

97
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon extend from?

A

The sigmoid colon extends from the pelvic brim to the 3rd segment of sacrum where it joins the rectum

98
Q

List the accessory digestive organs.

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
99
Q

List the functions of the liver

A
  • The liver performs metabolic and hematological regulation

* The liver produces bile

100
Q

The liver is divided into 4 lobes , namely:

A
  • Left lobe
  • Right lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Caudate lobe
101
Q

Which blood vessels are part of arterial supply?

A

• Arterial supply : hepatic artery , hepatic portal vein

102
Q

What takes place during venous drainage?

A

• Venous drainage : hepatic veins drain blood from the liver and returns the blood to the systemic circuit via the IVC – Inferior Vena Cava

103
Q

Describe the gallbladder.

A

The gallbladder is a hollow muscular organ

104
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

105
Q

What does the gallbladder consist of?

A

The gallbladder consists of :

A Fundus , a body and a neck

106
Q

What does the pancreas consist of?

A

The pancreas consists of a head , a body and a tail

107
Q

What does the pancreatic duct penetrate?

A

The pancreatic duct penetrates the wall of duodenum

108
Q

What type of organ is the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine organ

109
Q

List the exocrine functions of the pancreas.

A
  • The pancreas secretes H2O
  • The pancreas secretes ions
  • The pancreas transports digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions