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Anatomy 201 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

The CVS is made up of the heart , blood vessels and lymphatics

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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and great vessels

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3
Q

List the 2 parts of the pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

* Serous pericardium

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4
Q

What does the lower part of the pericardium blend with?

A

The lower part of the pericardium blends with the diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer

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6
Q

The serous pericardium is subdivided into 2 parts , namely

A

Parietal and visceral

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7
Q

The parietal part of serous pericardium is the…

A

inner fibrous layer

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8
Q

What does the visceral part of the serous pericardium do?

A

The visceral part of the serous pericardium adheres to the heart
example of a balloon

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9
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium.

A

The fibrous pericardium is a broad base that overlies the central tendon of the diaphragm

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10
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium connected to?

A

The fibrous pericardium is connected to the back of the sternum by the sternopericardial ligament

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11
Q

Where is the serous pericardium located?

A

The serous pericardium is between the parietal and visceral layers – 2 sinuses i.e. Transverse [above the heart] and oblique sinus [behind the heart]

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12
Q

Where is the transverse sinus located?

A

The transverse sinus is Located between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk anteriorly and SVC[Superior Vena Cava] , left atrium and the pulmonary veins posteriorly

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13
Q

Where is the oblique sinus located?

A

The oblique sinus is Located between the left atrium in the front ; the fibrous pericardium behind. The oesophagus lies posteriorly

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14
Q

Describe the heart.

A

The heart is conical , it is almost entirely muscular and the heart has 4 chambers [ 2 atria and 2 ventricles]

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15
Q

What is the apex [of the heart] formed by?

A

The apex is formed by the L ventricle

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16
Q

The base of the heart is

A

the posterior surface

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17
Q

What is the coronary sulcus of the heart called?

A

The coronary sulcus of the heart is called the atrioventricular groove

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18
Q

The appendages of the heart are

A

Auricles

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19
Q

What is the heart shaped like?

A

The heart is shaped like a pyramid

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20
Q

Where do the apex and the base face?

A

The apex faces forward , downward and to the left. The base faces backwards , upward and to the right

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21
Q

List the sides of the heart

A
  • The diaphragmatic surface
  • Anterior [sternocostal surface]
  • The right pulmonary surface
  • The left pulmonary surface
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22
Q

Describe the base of the heart.

A

The base of the heart is a quadrilateral. The base is fixed

The base is directed posteriorly.

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23
Q

What does the base consist of?

A

The base consists of the left atrium , a small portion of the right atrium , the proximal parts of the SVC , IVC and the pulmonary veins

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24
Q

Where does the base lie?

A

The base lies opposite the vertebral bodies T5 – T8

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25
Q

Where is the apex positioned?

A

The apex is positioned in the 5th intercostal space 8 – 9 cm from the midsternal line

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26
Q

What does the right atrium form?

A

The RA forms the right border of the heart

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27
Q

What does the right atrium receive from the whole body?

A

The right atrium receives venous blood from the whole body

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28
Q

What are the three main openings that lead into the right atrium?

A
  • The Inferior vena cava
  • The superior vena cava
  • The coronary sinus
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29
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle via

A

the R atrioventricular valve or the Tricuspid

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30
Q

Describe the crista terminalis

A

The crista terminalis is a smooth muscular ridge

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31
Q

Where does the crista terminalis begin and where does it extend to?

A

The crista terminalis begins in front of the superior vena cava opening , extending to the opening of the inferior vena cava

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32
Q

What are musculi pectinati[pectinate muscles] ?

A

The musculi pectinate[pectinate muscles] are the muscular ridges on the walls of the right atrium that fan out from the crista terminalis

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33
Q

The RA is the opening of the

A

IVC , SVC and the coronary sinus

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34
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

The fossa ovalis is the thumb print impression above the IVC opening

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35
Q

What is the prominent margin around the fossa ovalis ?

A

The prominent margin around the fossa ovalis is the limbus ovalis

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36
Q

What is the sinus node[SA] also called?

A

The sinus node [SA] is also called the sinoatrial node

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37
Q

Where is the Sinus node/sinoatrial node found?

A

The sinus node / sinoatrial node is found in the area where the SVC enters the RA

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38
Q

List the openings , depressions and ridges in the interior of the right atrium.

A 
SVC – Superior vena cava 
IVC – Inferior vena cava 
CS – coronary sinus 
FO – fossa ovalis 
CT – crista terminalis
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39
Q

What does the right ventricle form?

A

The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface

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40
Q

Compare the thickness of the right ventricle to the thickness of the left ventricle.

A

The thickness of the right ventricle is 1/3 of the thickness of the left ventricle

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41
Q

The outflow part of the right ventricle :

A

Infundibulum

Pulmonary trunk

Right & left pulmonary arteries

Lungs

42
Q

What are trabeculae carnae?

A

Trabeculae carnae are muscular ridges found on the inner wall

43
Q

What are papillary muscles ?

A

Papillary muscles are specialised trabeculae carnae that control the tricuspid valve via the chordae tendinae

44
Q

Where is most of the left atrium situated?

A

Most of the left atrium is situated posteriorly

45
Q

Describe the interior of the left atrium.

A

The interior of the left atrium is smooth walled

46
Q

What does the left atrium receive from the right and lefts lungs?

A

Right superior and inferior pulmonary veins

Left superior and inferior pulmonary veins

47
Q

What does the left ventricle form ?

A

The left ventricle forms the apex of the heart

48
Q

The left ventricle has the thickest myocardium -

A

3× thickness of the RV

49
Q

Outflow from LV –

A

aorta

50
Q

Where does the aorta lie?

A

The aorta lies posterior to the pulmonary trunk

51
Q

Interior of the left ventricle :

A

Trabeculae carnae , papillary muscle , chordae tendinae

52
Q

Nerve is supplied via the

A

autonomic nervous system

53
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the heart rate ; force of contraction and cardiac output

54
Q

Parasympathetic innervation - How do these postganglionic fibres reach the heart?

A

These postganglionic fibres reach the heart as the cardiac branches from the right and left vagus nerves
Enter the cardiac plexus & synapse in the walls of the atria

55
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic innervation?

A

Parasympathetic innervation - Decreases the heart rate ; force of contraction and constricts coronary arteries

56
Q

SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION. How do these postganglionic fibres reach the heart?

A

These postganglionic fibres reach the heart via the sympathetic trunk

57
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic innervation?

A

Sympathetic innervation - Increases the heart rate and the force of contraction dilates the coronary arteries

58
Q

Arteries of the head and trunk :

A
  • Internal carotid
  • External carotid
  • Left common carotid
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Aortic arch
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Splenic
  • Thoracic aorta
  • Renal [the kidney is not shown]
  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Common iliac
  • Internal iliac
59
Q

Arteries of the upper limb:

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
60
Q

Arteries of the lower limb :

A
  • External iliac
  • Deep femoral
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Anterior tibial
  • Posterior tibial
  • Fibular
  • Dorsalis pedis
61
Q

Veins of the head and trunk :

A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Facial
  • Internal jugular
  • External jugular
  • Left brachiocephalic
  • Superior vena cava
  • Great cardiac
  • Small cardiac
  • Splenic
  • Right pulmonary
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Hepatic
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Hepatic portal
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Left common iliac
  • Internal iliac
62
Q

Veins of the upper limb :

A
  • Subclavian
  • Cephalic
  • Axillary
  • Basilic
  • Median cubital
63
Q

Veins of the lower limb :

A
  • External iliac
  • Femoral
  • Great saphenous
  • Popliteal
  • Posterior tibial
  • Anterior tibial
  • Small saphenous
  • Fibular
64
Q

The arteries leave the…

A

HEART

65
Q

• What do the elastic tissues in the wall[of the arteries] enable?

A

The elastic tissue in the walls enables the arteries to recover their original diameter after expansion

66
Q

• What does the recoil propel?

A

The recoil propels blood during diastole[relaxation of the ventricles] and is responsible for filling the coronary arteries

67
Q

What do the arteries give rise to?

A

• The arteries give rise to smaller arteries with less elastic tissue and more muscular tissue

68
Q

• Arteries divide into arterioles. What are arterioles responsible for?

A

Arterioles are responsible for maintaining blood pressure

69
Q

What the arterioles divide into?

A

• The arterioles divide into capillaries that have thin and semi – permeable walls

70
Q

List the 3 coats of the walls of the arteries:

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

71
Q

Describe the 3 coats of the walls of the arteries:

A
  • Tunica intima – lined by endothelium
  • Tunica media – the thickest layer made of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • Tunica adventitia – loose connective tissue
72
Q

• What happens during vasoconstriction?

A

The size of the lumen decreases

73
Q

• What happens during the vasodilation?

A

The size of the lumen increases

74
Q

The veins have less…

A

elastic

75
Q

• What do the veins receive?

A

The veins receive tributaries that enter the heart

76
Q

Describe the veins.

A

The veins are distensible

77
Q

The veins have low…

A

pressure channels

78
Q

• What is the function of the valves in the lower half of the body?

A

The valves in the lower half of the body ensure that blood flows to the heart
The veins above the heart don’t need valves

79
Q

• The sinuses within folds of dura mater are…

A

permanently open

80
Q

What does the SVC drain?

A

The superior vena cava drains the head , neck , upper limb and the thorax

81
Q

What does the dural venous sinus drain into?

A

The dural venous sinus drains into the internal jugular vein[IJV]

82
Q

How are the brachiocephalic veins formed?

A

The internal jugular vein[IJV] joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic veins

83
Q

When is the superior vena cava formed?

A

The SVC is formed when the right and left brachiocephalic veins join together

84
Q

What is the function of the internal jugular vein[IJV] and the subclavian vein?

A

The IJV receives blood from the superior part of the face and the neck

85
Q

Where does the subclavian vein drain blood?

A

The subclavian vein drains blood from the upper limb

86
Q

Varicose veins - What do the muscles of the legs do?

A

• The muscles of the legs pump the veins to return blood to the heart against the effects of gravity

87
Q

• What happens when the veins become varicose?

A

The leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly and the valves don’t work
This allows blood to flow backwards and the vein enlarges even more.

88
Q

Where are varicose veins most common?

A

Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs , which are subject to high pressure when standing

89
Q

What is cardiovascular disease classified as?

A
  • Ischemia – reduced blood supply
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Myocardial infarcation(heart attack)
  • Peripheral vascular disease
90
Q

What does the lymphatics carry?

A

The lymphatics carry a clear fluid called lymph

91
Q

Where does lymph travel?

A

Lymph travels through the lymphoid tissue

92
Q

Where is the lymphoid tissue found?

A

The lymphoid tissue is found in many organs , lymph nodes and in lymphoid follicles

93
Q

What are the thymus , spleen and tonsil responsible for?

A

The thymus , spleen and tonsil are responsible for circulation and the production of lymphocytes

94
Q

What do the lymphatics drain?

A

•• The lymphatics drain protein – containing fluid [from tissue spaces] that escapes from the blood capillaries and transports it back to the bloodstream

95
Q

What do the lymphatics transport?

A

• The lymphatics transport fats from the gastro – intestinal tract[GIT] to the bloodstream

96
Q

What do the lymphatics produce?

A

• The lymphatics produce lymphocytes and immunities

97
Q

What takes place in the lymph node?

A

The collection of lymphoid tissue through which the lymph passes on its way to returning to the blood

98
Q

Where are the lymph nodes located?

A

The lymph nodes are located at the intervals along the lymphatic system

99
Q

What happens when a person has lymphedema?

A

There will be swelling. What is the swelling caused by?

The swelling is caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid

100
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

Elephantiasis is the infection of the lymphatic vessels

101
Q

What does the infection of the lymphatic vessels cause?

A

The infection of the lymphatic vessels cause the thickening of the skin and the enlargement of the underlying tissues , especially in the legs and the genitals.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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