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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

The CVS is made up of the heart , blood vessels and lymphatics

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2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and great vessels

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3
Q

List the 2 parts of the pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

* Serous pericardium

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4
Q

What does the lower part of the pericardium blend with?

A

The lower part of the pericardium blends with the diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium is the outer layer

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6
Q

The serous pericardium is subdivided into 2 parts , namely

A

Parietal and visceral

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7
Q

The parietal part of serous pericardium is the…

A

inner fibrous layer

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8
Q

What does the visceral part of the serous pericardium do?

A

The visceral part of the serous pericardium adheres to the heart
example of a balloon

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9
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium.

A

The fibrous pericardium is a broad base that overlies the central tendon of the diaphragm

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10
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium connected to?

A

The fibrous pericardium is connected to the back of the sternum by the sternopericardial ligament

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11
Q

Where is the serous pericardium located?

A

The serous pericardium is between the parietal and visceral layers – 2 sinuses i.e. Transverse [above the heart] and oblique sinus [behind the heart]

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12
Q

Where is the transverse sinus located?

A

The transverse sinus is Located between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk anteriorly and SVC[Superior Vena Cava] , left atrium and the pulmonary veins posteriorly

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13
Q

Where is the oblique sinus located?

A

The oblique sinus is Located between the left atrium in the front ; the fibrous pericardium behind. The oesophagus lies posteriorly

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14
Q

Describe the heart.

A

The heart is conical , it is almost entirely muscular and the heart has 4 chambers [ 2 atria and 2 ventricles]

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15
Q

What is the apex [of the heart] formed by?

A

The apex is formed by the L ventricle

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16
Q

The base of the heart is

A

the posterior surface

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17
Q

What is the coronary sulcus of the heart called?

A

The coronary sulcus of the heart is called the atrioventricular groove

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18
Q

The appendages of the heart are

A

Auricles

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19
Q

What is the heart shaped like?

A

The heart is shaped like a pyramid

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20
Q

Where do the apex and the base face?

A

The apex faces forward , downward and to the left. The base faces backwards , upward and to the right

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21
Q

List the sides of the heart

A
  • The diaphragmatic surface
  • Anterior [sternocostal surface]
  • The right pulmonary surface
  • The left pulmonary surface
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22
Q

Describe the base of the heart.

A

The base of the heart is a quadrilateral. The base is fixed

The base is directed posteriorly.

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23
Q

What does the base consist of?

A

The base consists of the left atrium , a small portion of the right atrium , the proximal parts of the SVC , IVC and the pulmonary veins

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24
Q

Where does the base lie?

A

The base lies opposite the vertebral bodies T5 – T8

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25
Where is the apex positioned?
The apex is positioned in the 5th intercostal space 8 – 9 cm from the midsternal line
26
What does the right atrium form?
The RA forms the right border of the heart
27
What does the right atrium receive from the whole body?
The right atrium receives venous blood from the whole body
28
What are the three main openings that lead into the right atrium?
* The Inferior vena cava * The superior vena cava * The coronary sinus
29
Blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle via
the R atrioventricular valve or the Tricuspid
30
Describe the crista terminalis
The crista terminalis is a smooth muscular ridge
31
Where does the crista terminalis begin and where does it extend to?
The crista terminalis begins in front of the superior vena cava opening , extending to the opening of the inferior vena cava
32
What are musculi pectinati[pectinate muscles] ?
The musculi pectinate[pectinate muscles] are the muscular ridges on the walls of the right atrium that fan out from the crista terminalis
33
The RA is the opening of the
IVC , SVC and the coronary sinus
34
What is the fossa ovalis?
The fossa ovalis is the thumb print impression above the IVC opening
35
What is the prominent margin around the fossa ovalis ?
The prominent margin around the fossa ovalis is the limbus ovalis
36
What is the sinus node[SA] also called?
The sinus node [SA] is also called the sinoatrial node
37
Where is the Sinus node/sinoatrial node found?
The sinus node / sinoatrial node is found in the area where the SVC enters the RA
38
List the openings , depressions and ridges in the interior of the right atrium.
``` SVC – Superior vena cava IVC – Inferior vena cava CS – coronary sinus FO – fossa ovalis CT – crista terminalis ```
39
What does the right ventricle form?
The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface
40
Compare the thickness of the right ventricle to the thickness of the left ventricle.
The thickness of the right ventricle is 1/3 of the thickness of the left ventricle
41
The outflow part of the right ventricle :
Infundibulum  Pulmonary trunk  Right & left pulmonary arteries  Lungs
42
What are trabeculae carnae?
Trabeculae carnae are muscular ridges found on the inner wall
43
What are papillary muscles ?
Papillary muscles are specialised trabeculae carnae that control the tricuspid valve via the chordae tendinae
44
Where is most of the left atrium situated?
Most of the left atrium is situated posteriorly
45
Describe the interior of the left atrium.
The interior of the left atrium is smooth walled
46
What does the left atrium receive from the right and lefts lungs?
Right superior and inferior pulmonary veins | Left superior and inferior pulmonary veins
47
What does the left ventricle form ?
The left ventricle forms the apex of the heart
48
The left ventricle has the thickest myocardium -
3× thickness of the RV
49
Outflow from LV –
aorta
50
Where does the aorta lie?
The aorta lies posterior to the pulmonary trunk
51
Interior of the left ventricle :
Trabeculae carnae , papillary muscle , chordae tendinae
52
Nerve is supplied via the
autonomic nervous system
53
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the heart rate ; force of contraction and cardiac output
54
Parasympathetic innervation - How do these postganglionic fibres reach the heart?
These postganglionic fibres reach the heart as the cardiac branches from the right and left vagus nerves Enter the cardiac plexus & synapse in the walls of the atria
55
What is the function of the parasympathetic innervation?
Parasympathetic innervation - Decreases the heart rate ; force of contraction and constricts coronary arteries
56
SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION. How do these postganglionic fibres reach the heart?
These postganglionic fibres reach the heart via the sympathetic trunk
57
What is the function of the sympathetic innervation?
Sympathetic innervation - Increases the heart rate and the force of contraction dilates the coronary arteries
58
Arteries of the head and trunk :
* Internal carotid * External carotid * Left common carotid * Brachiocephalic * Aortic arch * Pulmonary trunk * Splenic * Thoracic aorta * Renal [the kidney is not shown] * Celiac trunk * Superior mesenteric * Inferior mesenteric * Abdominal aorta * Common iliac * Internal iliac
59
Arteries of the upper limb:
* Subclavian * Axillary * Brachial * Radial * Ulnar
60
Arteries of the lower limb :
* External iliac * Deep femoral * Femoral * Popliteal * Anterior tibial * Posterior tibial * Fibular * Dorsalis pedis
61
Veins of the head and trunk :
* Superior sagittal sinus * Facial * Internal jugular * External jugular * Left brachiocephalic * Superior vena cava * Great cardiac * Small cardiac * Splenic * Right pulmonary * Inferior vena cava * Hepatic * Inferior mesenteric * Hepatic portal * Superior mesenteric * Left common iliac * Internal iliac
62
Veins of the upper limb :
* Subclavian * Cephalic * Axillary * Basilic * Median cubital
63
Veins of the lower limb :
* External iliac * Femoral * Great saphenous * Popliteal * Posterior tibial * Anterior tibial * Small saphenous * Fibular
64
The arteries leave the...
HEART
65
• What do the elastic tissues in the wall[of the arteries] enable?
The elastic tissue in the walls enables the arteries to recover their original diameter after expansion
66
• What does the recoil propel?
The recoil propels blood during diastole[relaxation of the ventricles] and is responsible for filling the coronary arteries
67
What do the arteries give rise to?
• The arteries give rise to smaller arteries with less elastic tissue and more muscular tissue
68
• Arteries divide into arterioles. What are arterioles responsible for?
Arterioles are responsible for maintaining blood pressure
69
What the arterioles divide into?
• The arterioles divide into capillaries that have thin and semi – permeable walls
70
List the 3 coats of the walls of the arteries:
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia
71
Describe the 3 coats of the walls of the arteries:
* Tunica intima – lined by endothelium * Tunica media – the thickest layer made of elastic fibres and smooth muscle * Tunica adventitia – loose connective tissue
72
• What happens during vasoconstriction?
The size of the lumen decreases
73
• What happens during the vasodilation?
The size of the lumen increases
74
The veins have less...
elastic
75
• What do the veins receive?
The veins receive tributaries that enter the heart
76
Describe the veins.
The veins are distensible
77
The veins have low...
pressure channels
78
• What is the function of the valves in the lower half of the body?
The valves in the lower half of the body ensure that blood flows to the heart The veins above the heart don’t need valves
79
• The sinuses within folds of dura mater are...
permanently open
80
What does the SVC drain?
The superior vena cava drains the head , neck , upper limb and the thorax
81
What does the dural venous sinus drain into?
The dural venous sinus drains into the internal jugular vein[IJV]
82
How are the brachiocephalic veins formed?
The internal jugular vein[IJV] joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic veins
83
When is the superior vena cava formed?
The SVC is formed when the right and left brachiocephalic veins join together
84
What is the function of the internal jugular vein[IJV] and the subclavian vein?
The IJV receives blood from the superior part of the face and the neck
85
Where does the subclavian vein drain blood?
The subclavian vein drains blood from the upper limb
86
Varicose veins - What do the muscles of the legs do?
• The muscles of the legs pump the veins to return blood to the heart against the effects of gravity
87
• What happens when the veins become varicose?
The leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly and the valves don’t work This allows blood to flow backwards and the vein enlarges even more.
88
Where are varicose veins most common?
Varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of the legs , which are subject to high pressure when standing
89
What is cardiovascular disease classified as?
* Ischemia – reduced blood supply * Atherosclerosis * Congestive heart failure * Coronary artery disease * Myocardial infarcation(heart attack) * Peripheral vascular disease
90
What does the lymphatics carry?
The lymphatics carry a clear fluid called lymph
91
Where does lymph travel?
Lymph travels through the lymphoid tissue
92
Where is the lymphoid tissue found?
The lymphoid tissue is found in many organs , lymph nodes and in lymphoid follicles
93
What are the thymus , spleen and tonsil responsible for?
The thymus , spleen and tonsil are responsible for circulation and the production of lymphocytes
94
What do the lymphatics drain?
•• The lymphatics drain protein – containing fluid [from tissue spaces] that escapes from the blood capillaries and transports it back to the bloodstream
95
What do the lymphatics transport?
• The lymphatics transport fats from the gastro – intestinal tract[GIT] to the bloodstream
96
What do the lymphatics produce?
• The lymphatics produce lymphocytes and immunities
97
What takes place in the lymph node?
The collection of lymphoid tissue through which the lymph passes on its way to returning to the blood
98
Where are the lymph nodes located?
The lymph nodes are located at the intervals along the lymphatic system
99
What happens when a person has lymphedema?
There will be swelling. What is the swelling caused by? | The swelling is caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid
100
What is elephantiasis?
Elephantiasis is the infection of the lymphatic vessels
101
What does the infection of the lymphatic vessels cause?
The infection of the lymphatic vessels cause the thickening of the skin and the enlargement of the underlying tissues , especially in the legs and the genitals.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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