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Anatomy 201 > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Spinal & cranial nerves , visceral nerves and plexuses as well as the enteric system

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2
Q

What is the autonomic system made up of?

A

Nerves supplying viscera along with parts of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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4
Q

Terminology - INPUT : sensory function =

A

sensory input

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5
Q

Which organ or cell monitors changes [ e.g. blood pressure rising , increased heart rate]?

A

The receptor

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6
Q

What are those changes called?

A

Stimuli [singular stimulus]

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7
Q

What is the info sent by?

A

The afferent nerves

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8
Q

What takes place at the integration center?

A
  1. The info is processed

2. A decision is made on what needs to be done

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9
Q

Output : motor function =

A

motor output

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10
Q

Which organs are activated?

A

The effector organs - muscles or glands

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11
Q

What is the motor output effected by?

A

The efferent nerves

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12
Q

‘The music affected her deeply’. What type of input is this? Why?

A

A sensory input ; the girl experienced something

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13
Q

‘His protests had no effect’ What type of output is this? Why?

A

A motor output ; something is done or not done

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14
Q

Nervous tissue - name the 2 type of cells and describe those cells.

A
  1. Neurons : excitable nerve cells

2. Supporting cells : neuroglia or just glia

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15
Q

What does neuroglia mean?

A

“nerve glue”

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16
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Neurons transmits electrical signals

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17
Q

All neurons have a cell body that contains :

A

A nucleus and cytoplasm

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18
Q

Cell bodies are in …

A

Clusters

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19
Q

What are those clusters called in the CNS?

A

nuclei

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20
Q

What are those clusters called in the PNS? what are those clusters located?

A

ganglia. the ganglia are located outside the CNS

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21
Q

how long can neurons live for?

A

a lifetime , i.e. over 100 years

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22
Q

Neurons don’t divide. what is the exception?

A

recent neural stem cells that have been identified

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23
Q

What can’t neurons do?

A

Neurons can’t replace themselves

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24
Q

Neurons have a high metabolic rate. What do neurons require continuously?

A

oxygen and glucose

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25
Q

How long does it take for neurons to survive without oxygen?

A

A short amount of time. neurons die within a few minutes without oxygen

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26
Q

describe the neuron ‘processes’

A

the neuron ‘processes’ are armlike and they extend from the cell body

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27
Q

neuron fibers are …

A

axons

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28
Q

What do neuron fibers do?

A

neuron fibers generate and transmit nerve impulses

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29
Q

how many neuron fibers are there per neuron?

A

1 , although the neuron fibers can branch into “collaterals”

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30
Q

What do neuron fibers do at the terminal end?

A

the neuron fibers branch a lot at the terminal end[e.g. 10000/terminus]

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31
Q

What are the receptive regions of a neuron called?

A

dendrites

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32
Q

What do the dendrites have?

A

the dendrites have receptors for neurotransmitters

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33
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals released by other neurons

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34
Q

what is another name for the cell body?

A

soma

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35
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

dendrites receive messages from other cells

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36
Q

what is the functions of an axon?

A

an axon passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons , muscles , or glands

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37
Q

what is an action potential?

A

an action potential is an electrical signal travelling down the axon

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38
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

the myelin sheath covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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39
Q

what is the function of the terminal buttons?

A

the terminal buttons form junctions with other cells

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40
Q

neuron processes run through the CNS in…

A

tracts of white matter

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41
Q

what neuron processes form when they run through the PNS?

A

Peripheral nerves

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42
Q

direction of the impulse :

A

dendrites - cell body - axon

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43
Q

List the glial cells/neuroglia[SUPPORTING CELLS] in the CNS and PNS.

A

CNS - astrocytes , oligodendrocytes , microglia , ependymal cells

PNS - schwann cells , satellite cells

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44
Q

compare the neuroglia to the neurons.

A

neuroglia are smaller and darker than neurons

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45
Q

What do the other glial cells do?

A

The other glial cells regulate extracellular fluid metabolism of neurons

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46
Q

CNS glial cells. Describe the astrocyte.

A

the astrocyte is star shaped ; it is most numerous

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47
Q

what is an astrocyte involved in?

A

an astrocyte is involved in metabolism and synapse formation

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48
Q

CNS glial cells : microglia are …

A

phagocytes

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49
Q

CNS glial cells : ependymal cells function

A

Ependymal cells line the cavities of the CNS and spinal cord ; cilia

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50
Q

CNS glial cells : Oligodendrocytes function

A

oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

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51
Q

PNS supporting cells

what is the function of satellite cells?

A

satellite cells surround the neuron cell body

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52
Q

PNS supporting cells : schwann cells functions

A

schwann cells form myelin in the PNS

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53
Q

what is neurolemma also known as?

A

Neurilemma , sheath of Schwann, or Schwann’s sheath

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54
Q

What is neurolemma?

A

nucleus and most of the cytoplasm squeezed to the outside

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55
Q

what is myelin?

A

myelin is lipoprotein

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56
Q

functions of myelin

A

myelin increases the speed of conduction

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57
Q

what are the functions of large axons ?

A

large axons provide insulation ; prevent the leakage of the electric current

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58
Q

what are the layers with spaces called and where are they found?

A

the layers with spaces are called nodes of Ranvier ; they are found between cells

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59
Q

impulse “jumps” from…

A

node to node

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60
Q

describe “unmyelinated” axons

A

“unmyelinated” axons are smaller and slower

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61
Q

how do neurons communicate with neurons ?

A

via synapes

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62
Q

what are synapses?

A

synapses are junctions between neurons

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63
Q

how is info passed?

A

info usually passed chemically

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64
Q

describe the direction of a synapse.

A

the direction of a synapse is unidirectional

65
Q

Presynaptic means :

A

toward the synapse

66
Q

Postsynaptic means :

A

away from the synapse

67
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

a synaptic cleft is a tiny gap

68
Q

give a brief description of a synapse

A

info is passed between the neurons by chemicals - neurotransmitters.

69
Q

name the 2 types of neurotransmitters.

A

excitatory and inhibitory

70
Q

how is info passed along the axons?

A

info passes electrically along the axons

71
Q

what can neurons synapse with?

A
  1. neurons
  2. muscle
  3. glands
72
Q

what is the function of the brain ?

A

the brain receives and processes sensory info , initiates responses , stores memories , generates thoughts and emotions

73
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

the spinal cord conducts signals to and from the brain , controls reflex activities

74
Q

what is the function of motor neurons?

A

transmits responses from the CNS to the effectors : muscles and glands

75
Q

what is the function of sensory neurons?

A

sensory neurons send stimuli to the sensory organs and from there the info is transmitted to the CNS

76
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements

77
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses

78
Q

what is the sympathetic division of the ANS responsible for?

A

fight or flight

79
Q

what is the parasympathetic division of the ANS responsible for?

A

rest or digest

80
Q

WHAT DOES A NEURON CONSIST OF?

A

a cell body + an axon + dendrites

81
Q

CNS GREY MATTER: WHAT does nuclei consist of?

A

collections of cell bodies and dendrites within the CNS

82
Q

CNS GREY MATTER: what does ganglia consist of?

A

collections of cell bodies outside the CNS

83
Q

how are cell body collections the same?

A

cell body collections are functionally the same

84
Q

CNS “WHITE” MATTER: what are axons enclosed in?

A

myelin

85
Q

what do fibre tracts/white matter form?

A

bundles of parallel axons - called “tracts” or “fibre tracts” [also fasciculi , funiculus, lemnisci, etc.]

86
Q

what is a nerve tract ?

A

a bundle of nerve fibers[axons] connecting the nuclei of the CNS

87
Q

what do 2 - part names of tracts indicate?

A

origin and destination[e.g. cortico - spinal tract]

88
Q

PNS GREY MATTER: GANGLIA. what are ganglia ?

A

ganglia are collections of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS (but connected to it)

89
Q

PNS GREY MATTER: GANGLIA. where is a cell body identifiable?

A

in a ganglion

90
Q

cell bodies in clumps are…

A

ganglia

91
Q

PNS WHITE MATTER: PERIPHERAL NERVES. what does the axon make up?

A

the actual “nerve”

92
Q

Where is grey and white matter found in the BRAIN

(i.e. pattern)?

A

CNS GREY MATTER:
Forms outer layer (cortex)

CNS WHITE MATTER:
Found deeper

93
Q

in which areas does cerebral white matter provide extensive communication?

A

→Areas of cortex with each other

→Areas of cortex with brain stem & spinal cord

94
Q

Via which (mostly) myelinated axon fibres is the cerebral white matter bundled into tracts?

A

– Commissural fibres
– Association fibres
– Projection fibres

95
Q

Where is grey & white matter found in the SPINAL

CORD (i.e. pattern)?

A

CNS GREYMATTER:
Found deeper
CNS WHITE MATTER:
Forms outer layer

96
Q

In the spinal cord grey and white matter are easily separated:

A 
“H” shaped grey matter consists of:
sensory neurons (dorsal)
interneurons
motor neurons (ventral)

White columns have:
ascending tracts
descending tracts

97
Q

in the brain , white & gray matter aren’t…

A

absolutely separate

98
Q

what sometimes passes through or

between the areas of grey matter on its ascent or descent?

A

a tract of “white” ascending or descending fibres

99
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord.the hollow central cavity is the..

A

“central canal”

100
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord.what surrounds the cavity?

A

Gray matter

101
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. what surrounds the gray matter?

A

white matter

102
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. what is gray matter?

A

ascending & descending tracts of axons

103
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. what shape is seen in a cross section?

A

“H” shape

104
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. The Dorsal half of “H” consists of:

A

cell bodies of

interneurons

105
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. The Ventral half of “H” consists of:

A

cell bodies of motor

neurons

106
Q

Grey matter & white matter in the spinal cord. what is the difference between the brain and spinal cord?

A

the brain has a number of cortex

the spinal cord has no cortex

107
Q

White matter of the spinal cord include :

A

myelinated & unmyelinated axons

108
Q

White matter of the spinal cord - what is the function of the ascending fibres?

A

the ascending fibres send Sensory information from the sensory neurons up to brain

109
Q

what are the functions of the descending fibres ?

A

Descending fibres send motor instructions from brain to spinal cord
▪ Stimulates contraction of body’s muscles
▪ Stimulates secretion from body’s glands

110
Q

what are Commissural fibres?

A

white-matter fibres crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other

111
Q

what do most pathways do?

A

Most pathways cross (or decussate) at some point

112
Q

how many times do most synapse switch along the way[in the brain stem , thalamus or other parts of the brain]?

A

2 or 3 times

113
Q

damage to the motor areas causes :

A

paralysis

114
Q

damage to the sensory areas causes :

A

paresthesia

115
Q

what are ventricles?

A

expanded central cavities

116
Q

what are the ventricles filled with ?

A

CSF [cerebrospinal fluid]

117
Q

what are the ventricles lined by?

A

ependymal cells. ependymal cells also line the choroid plexus and produce CSF]

118
Q

WHAT are the ventricles continuous with?

A

ventricles are Continuous with each other and central canal of the
spinal cord

119
Q

describe the lateral ventricles.

A

lateral ventricles are paired , horseshoe - shaped

120
Q

where are the lateral ventricles found?

A

In the cerebral hemispheres

121
Q

the anterior of the lateral ventricles are closed. what are they separated by?

A

thin Septum pellucidum

122
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located ?

A

In the diencephalon

123
Q

what are the connections of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

▪ Cerebral aqueduct

124
Q

where is the 4th ventricle found?

A

in the brainstem

125
Q

describe the shape of the 4th ventricle.

A

the 4th ventricle is diamond shaped

126
Q

what is the 4th ventricle dorsal to and superior to?

A

the 4th ventricle is :
dorsal to the pons
superior to the medulla

127
Q

what connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A

holes

128
Q

where is the subarachnoid space found?

A

under the thick coverings of the brain[dura and arachnoid mater]

129
Q

List the lobes of the brain

A

frontal , parietal , occipital and temporal lobes

130
Q

name the gyrus that ‘hug’ the corpus callosum.

A

the cingulate gyrus

131
Q

what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum separated by?

A

a median cleft called longitudinal fissure

132
Q

what are the right and left hemispheres connected[to each other] by?

A

a large commissure called the corpus callosum

133
Q

what does each hemisphere contain?

A

an irregular cavity containing CSF - lateral ventricle

134
Q

what is the cerebrum composed of ?

A

grey matter [cortex - externally] ; white matter[internally]

135
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

the outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum

136
Q

where is the cortex the thickest and the thinnest?

A

the cortex is the thickest at the motor area and the thinnest at the occipital pole

137
Q

what increases the cortical area ?

A

the numerous convolutions called gyri and the gyri is separated by fissures called sulci [the depths of these vary]

138
Q

the Cerebrum - what does the white matter consist of?

A

nerve fibres which
transmit impulses to and from the cortical
nerve cells and from one cortical area to
another

139
Q

what does the cerebrum enclose?

A

the cerebrum encloses some larger and smaller masses
of grey matter such as corpus striatum,
claustrum, amygdaloid body

140
Q

name the 3 surfaces of the cerebrum

A

 Supero-lateral
 Medial
 Inferior

141
Q

what is supero - lateral surface divided into?

A

the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal parts by central , parieto-occipital
(extension from medial surface) and lateral sulci

142
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

 Anteriorly - what does the superior and inferior frontal sulcus divide the frontal lobe into?

A

the superior and inferior frontal sulcus dividing the frontal lobe into the superior ,middle and inferior
frontal gyri

143
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

Posteriorly it consists of the:

A

The Pre – central sulcus and Pre- central gyrus (the motor area)

144
Q

PARIETAL LOBE - what is the parietal lobe divided into?

A

the superior and inferior parietal lobule by intra-parietal sulcus

145
Q

PARIETAL LOBE - what is the sensory area called?

A

the post central gyrus

146
Q

OCCIPITAL LOBE - what is it divided by and what does the occipital lobe consist of ?

A

the occipital lobe is divided by transverse occipital sulcus and consists of superior and inferior Occipital gyri

147
Q

what divides the temporal lobe into superior , middle and inferior temporal gyri?

A

the superior & inferior temporal sulci

148
Q

Medial Surface FRONTAL LOBE. what is the beneath the corpus callosum?

A

the Cingulate Sulcus and Cingulate gyrus

149
Q

what does the medial frontal gyrus extend above ?

A

above the cingulate gyrus to the superior border

150
Q

what is the central sulcus and where is it located ?

A

the central sulcus is a continuation from the supero-lateral surface and it is located on the medial surface

151
Q

what is the central sulcus surrounded by?

A

Paracentral Lobule

152
Q

what divides the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

central sulcus

153
Q

MEDIAL SURFACE - parietal lobe where is part of the paracentral lobule located ?

A

behind the central sulcus

154
Q

what is the pre -cuneus?

A

the area before the

parieto-occipital sulcus

155
Q

MEDIAL SURFACE - occipital lobe. what is the occipital lobe bounded by superiorly and inferiorly?

A

superiorly - the parieto-occipital sulcus

inferiorly - the calcarine sulcus

156
Q

MEDIAL SURFACE - occipital lobe. where does the lingual gyrus lie?

A

the lingual gyrus lies between the calcarine and the collateral sulcus

157
Q

what does the interior surface of the cerebrum consist of?

A

smaller anterior and larger posterior

parts

158
Q

what area is the anterior part of the inferior surface[of the cerebrum]?

A

the orbital area

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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