Tissues and structures I & II Flashcards
1
Q
Define the term tissue.
A
A tissue is a groups of similar cells, usually
having similar embryonic origin and
specialized function
2
Q
List the 4 general types of tissue.
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
3
Q
Where do tissues develop?
A
Tissues develop from separation of germinal layers in early development
4
Q
List the 3 germinal layers.
A
– Ectoderm
– Mesoderm
– Endoderm
5
Q
What does epithelia develop from?
A
Epithelia develop from all three layers
6
Q
Where does connective & muscle tissue develop?
A
Connective & muscle tissue develop from mesoderm
7
Q
Where does the nervous tissue develop from?
A
Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm
8
Q
What does epithelial tissue form?
A
Epithelial tissue forms a superficial layer of skin & some internal organs, inner lining
of blood vessels, duct, & body cavities, and the interiors of the respiratory, digestive,
urinary and reproductive organs
9
Q
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
A
Epithelial tissue is closely packed together. Epithelial tissue is arranged in continuous sheets of one or more layers
10
Q
List the 2 general types of epithelial tissue
A
– Covering and lining epithelium
– Glandular epithelium
11
Q
Covering and lining epithelium is classified on arrangement of layers and
shape. List the layers and shapes.
A
– Layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified
– Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
12
Q
Describe glandular epithelium.
A
Glandular epithelium is a mass of cells adapted for secretion into ducts, onto a surface or into
blood
13
Q
List the 2 types of glandular epithelium and state their functions.
A
– Endocrine (ductless) - secretory products released to extracellular space
– Exocrine: - secrete products directly into ducts
14
Q
Connective tissue is the
A
Most widespread tissue in body
15
Q
What is the function of connective tissue?
A
Connective tissue binds together, supports and strengthens other tissues, protects &
insulates
internal organs and
compartmentalizes structures (e.g. skeletal muscles)
16
Q
What is blood and lymph responsible for?
A
Blood & lymph is responsible for transport
17
Q
What does adipose tissue store?
A
Adipose tissue stores energy and insulates
18
Q
List the connective tissue cells.
A
Fibroblasts , macrophages , plasma cells , mast cells adipocytes and white blood cells
19
Q
Briefly describe fibroblasts.
A
Fibroblasts are the most abundant type and are
found in all connective tissues
Fibroblasts are Important contributors to ground
substance and fibers
20
Q
Briefly describe macrophages.
A
Macrophages are fixed or wandering,
phagocytic
21
Q
Describe plasma cells.
A
Plasma cells are mature B-lymphocytes
producing antibodies
22
Q
Describe mast cells.
A
Mast cells are histamine producing cells near the blood vessels
23
Q
What are adipocytes responsible for?
A
Adipocytes are responsible for lipid storage
24
Q
List the types of connective tissue and describe each type.
A
Loose (Areolar) connective tissue (serous and synovial membranes are
formed by this tissue)
– Adipose ( white and brown adipose tissue)
– Reticular
• Dense connective tissue (fibrous, elastic tissue)
• Cartilage (hyaline, elastic fibrocartilage, fibrocartilage)
• Bone
Liquid connective tissue-Blood & lymph
25
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue provides motion, maintenance of posture, and heat
production
26
List the 3 types of muscle tissue and describe each.
– Skeletal: attached to bones, striated, voluntary
– Cardiac: heart wall, striated, involuntary
– Smooth: walls of hollow structures, not striated, involuntary
27
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue quickly communicates between parts of
the body, sensitive to stimuli, interpret
information, coordinate action
28
List the 2 types of nervous tissue and state the function of each.
– Neurons: generate and conduct
electrical impulses
– Neuroglia: provide protection and
support for neurons
29
List the components of the integumentary system.
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands,
mammary glands, enamel of
teeth
30
Describe the integumentary system.
The integumentary system[organs] - An extensive sensory organ
31
What is the function of the integumentary system?
The integumentary system forms the body’s protective cover
32
What does the skeletal system consist of ?
The skeletal system consists of bones and
| cartilage
33
What is the function of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system provides basic shape
and support for body and
muscle action. The skeletal system Also protects
vital organs.
34
What does the articular system consist of?
The articular system consists of joints and ligaments
35
What is the function of the articular system?
The articular system connects the bony parts of the skeleton, provides site
of movement
36
The muscular system consists of:
* skeletal,
* smooth,
* cardiac muscle
37
What does the nervous system consist of?
The nervous system consists of f central nervous system and peripheral
nervous
system.
38
List the sense/sensory organs of the nervous system.
Sense organs: ophthalmic, olfactory, hearing and balance,
| gustatory included
39
What is the nervous system?
The nervous system controls and co-ordinates the functions of the organ
systems
40
What does the circulatory system consist of?
Cardiovascular system - heart and blood vessels
| lymphatic system - network of lymphatic vessels
41
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system conducts blood to the body
42
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system filters excess tissue fluid
43
What does respiratory system consist of?
The respiratory system consists of air passages and lungs
44
What is the function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide
45
What does the digestive/alimentary system consist of?
The digestive/alimentary system consists of the digestive
tract from mouth to the anus,
associated glands and
organs
46
What is the function of the digestive/alimentary system?
The digestive/alimentary system are responsible for the ingestion of food and elimination of waste products
47
The endocrine system is a...
System of ductless glands
48
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system regulates body functions via
hormones secreted into the
bloodstream
49
What do hormones influence?
Hormones influence metabolism,
| growth, reproduction etc
50
What does the urinary system consist of?
```
The urinary system consists of the :
• kidneys,
• urinary bladder,
• ureters,
• urethra
```
51
None of the organs systems work in isolation.
Example - None of the organs systems work in isolation
52
Name the largest body organ.
The skin is the largest body organ
53
What does the skin provide?
The skin provides protection, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and
storage of
Vitamin D
54
What does the skin consist of?
The skin consists of a dermis and epidermis
55
Describe the epidermis.
The Epidermis is tough superficial
layer which has sensory
nerve endings sensitive pain,
temperature, touch
56
Describe the dermis.
The Dermis is dense layer of
| collagen and elastic fibers
57
What does the skin contain?
```
The skin contains specialised structures:
• Hair follicles
• Musculus arrector pili
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands
```
58
What lies between the skin and deep fascia?
Between the skin and
deep fascia is the
subcutaneous tissue
59
What does the subcutaneous tissue[superficial fascia] contain?
```
The subcutaneous tissue
( superficial fascia )
contains:
Sweat glands
Superficial blood vessels,
cutaneous nerves,
lymphatics, stored fat
```
60
What does the superficial fascia lie between?
The superficial fascia lies
between the dermis and
overlying deep fascia
61
What is the superficial fascia composed of?
The superficial fascia is composed of loose
connective tissue, fat,
superficial blood vessels,
lymphatics and nerves
62
What does the superficial fascia provide?
The superficial fascia provides most of the
| body’s fat storage.
63
Describe the deep fascia. What does it cover?
The deep fascia is a s dense
connective tissue, devoid
of fat. It covers the
muscles
64
What does the deep fascia cover in the limbs?
In the limbs it may cover
groups of muscles- fascial
compartments
65
Describe the intermuscular septa
The intermuscular septa are sheets of deep fascia
may separate fascial
compartments
66
What does the skeletal system consist of?
```
The skeletal system consists of the Axial Skeleton:
Cranium/skull
Vertebral column including
hyoid bone
Thoracic cage( ribs, sternum)
Appendicular skeleton:
Bones of the limbs
including pectoral and
shoulder girdle
```
67
What are bones?
Bones are rigid organs that are part of the endoskeleton of most vertebrates.
68
What do the bones support and protect?
The bones support and protect the various organs of the body
69
What do bones produce? What do bones store?
Bones produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
70
What red bone marrow produce?
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells
71
List the bones that consist of red bone marrow
most fetal bones consists of
red bone marrow, some adult bones like sternum, hip bone, ribs,
vertebrae, skull, ends of arm and thigh bones.
72
What do bones provide?
Bones provide support and movement via attachments of soft tissue
and muscle
73
Bones play a role in the...
metabolism of minerals such as calcium and
| phosphorus. 99% Ca produce by bone
74
What is the skeleton composed of?
The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilage
75
what are the bones at a synovial joint covered by?
Bones at a synovial
joint are covered by
hyaline cartilage
76
What does the skeleton provide?
The skeleton or skeletal system provides low friction , smooth free movement
77
How many bones are present in an infant's body at birth?
```
At birth, there are over 270 bones in
an infant human's body but many of
these fuse together as the child
grows, leaving a total of 206
separate bones in a typical adult, not
counting sesamoid bones and
ossicles.
```
78
Name the largest bone and smallest bone in the human body.
The largest bone in the human body
is the femur and the smallest bone is
the stapes
79
Bone structure :
```
Diaphysis[ the shaft or central part of a long bone]
• Epiphysis[the wider section at each end of the bone]
• Metaphysis: contains epiphyseal
growth plate
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Medullary cavity- contains fatty
yellow bone marrow in adults
• Endosteum
```
80
BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE - What is at the centre of the diaphysis?
At the centre of the diaphysis is the nutrient
| foramen- nutrient artery
81
Classification of bone according to
| shape
There are five types of bones in the human body:
| long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
82
Describe the long bones. List an example.
The long bones have a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide.
Most bones of the limbs
83
Describe the short bones. List 2 examples.
Short bones: roughly cube -shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact
bone surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short
bones
84
Describe flat bones. List 2 examples.
Flat bones : thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact
bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the
skull, sternum are flat bones
85
Describe sesamoid bones. What are sesamoid bones embedded in? List an example.
Sesamoid bones: embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon
further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the
leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the
patella
86
Describe irregular bones. List 3 examples.
Irregular bones :They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding
a spongy interior. The bones of the spine, pelvis , and some bones of the
skull
87
Briefly describe intramembranous ossification.
In some bones, such as the flat bones of the skull, mesenchyme differentiates directly
into bone, a process known as intramembranous ossification
88
Describe the sutures at birth.
At birth, the sutures are wide and are called fontanelles.
89
Name the most prominent suture.
The most prominent of
| these is the anterior fontanelle
90
What do the sutures and fontanelles allow during birth?
Sutures and fontanelles allow the bones of the
| skull to overlap (molding) during birth
91
What do mesenchymal cells first give rise to [in most bones]?
In most bones, however, mesenchymal cells first give rise to hyaline cartilage
models, which in turn become ossified by endochondral ossification
92
Define the term 'joints'
Joints are unions/junctions between 2 or more bones
93
Some bones have no movement :
epiphyseal
plates of growing
bones
94
Slight movement of joints :
Teeth within sockets
95
Freely movable [joints] :
shoulder
| joint
96
Classes of joints.
Synovial joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
97
Describe each class of joints.
Synovial joints: united by a joint capsule, containing synovial fluid
Fibrous joints: united by fibrous tissue likes the sutures of a skull
Cartilaginous joints: united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage like the
joints between vertebrae
98
List the types of synovial joints.
* Plane
* Hinge
* Saddle
* Condyloid
* Pivot
* Ball and socket
99
List the types of muscle.
Skeletal[striated& voluntary], cardiac(striated but involuntary) & smooth(non striated and involuntary)
100
Describe the skeletal muscle.
SKELETAL – named for its location – attached to bones and
moves the skeleton.
striated (has light & dark bands under a microscope)
voluntary – under conscious control
101
What does the cardiac muscle form?
CARDIAC – forms wall of heart (striated but involuntary)
102
Where is smooth muscle located?
SMOOTH – located in walls of internal hollow organs eg.
| Blood vessels, GIT (non striated and involuntary)
103
MUSCLES CAN BE DESCRIBED
| ACCORDING TO SHAPE - What gets affected?
THE MUSCLE’S POWER AND RANGE
| OF MOTION
104
List the shapes of muscles.
```
• Flat
• Pennate[bi- , multi- , uni-]
• Fusiform
• Quadrate
• Circular
• Multi-headed or bellied
*parallel
*convergent
```
105
List one involuntary muscle.
Cardiac muscle
106
Describe the cardiac muscle.
Muscles are striated. Arrangement is similar to
skeletal muscle. However, Junctions between
cells = intercalated discs.
107
What does the cardiac muscle make up?
Cardiac muscle makes up the
| wall of the heart.
108
What do the ANS regulates not initiate?
ANS regulates does not initiate muscles which
| contract spontaneously.
109
Where is the smooth muscle in the bladder located?
BLADDER- SMOOTH
MUSCLE IN ITS
WALL= DETRUSOR
110
How is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle controlled?
The alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle is not
consciously controlled.
111
Why does the heart beat?
Rather the heart beats because it has a pacemaker
| that initiates its own contraction
112
Describe the contraction of VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE.
```
Slow, sustained,
rhythmic
contraction not
under voluntary
control.
```
113
Walls of viscera :
```
GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT, BLADDER, RENAL
SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY
TRACT, REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM.
```
114
Does the visceral[smooth] muscle have striations?
NO
115
What takes place through the circulatory system?
Through this system the heart pumps blood through the body
116
List the 2 components the circulatory system is divided into.
pulmonary and systemic circulation
117
List the 3 types of blood vessels in the circulatory system.
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
118
Name the parts of the small intestine.
Duodenum , jejunum and ileum
119
Name the parts of the large intestine
Ascending colon , descending colon , transverse colon caecum , appendix ,rectum
120
What are the functions of the liver?
The liver filters bacteria and toxins from the blood ; creates energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats ; manufactures bile
121
What is the liver sheltered by?
The liver is sheltered by the rib cage
122
Where is the liver found?
The liver is found lying close to the diaphragm and the stomach
123
Name the major endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus , pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland , thymus , adrenal gland
124
Female reproductive organs - what is the layman's language?
The womb
125
What is the function of the womb?
The womb protects and provides nutrition to the fertilised ovum by enabling it to grow it into a fully formed fetus
126
What happens during parturition?
During parturition , contractions of the muscular walls result in the expulsion of the baby
127
What does the uterus lie between?
The uterus lies between the rectum and urinary bladder
128
What does the uterus consist of?
The uterus consists of body, cervix, joining
| vagina inferiorly
129
How do the uterine tubes project?
The uterine tubes project laterally
from uterus and open into
peritoneal cavity
130
What is the uterus continuous with?
The uterus is continuous with central canal
| of cervix
131
What do the male reproductive organs include?
The male reproductive organs include the:
• Testes
• System of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra)
• Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
• Supporting structures (penis, scrotum)
