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Anatomy 201 > Nervous system - additional notes > Flashcards

Nervous system - additional notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

The cerebral cortex is responsible for speech, memory, logical & emotional responses, consciousness, the interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement.

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2
Q

Where is the primary somatic sensory area located?

A

The primary somatic sensory area is located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus.

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3
Q

What takes place in the primary somatic sensory area?

A

Impulses travelling from the body’s sensory receptors(except for the special senses) are localized and interpreted in this area of the brain

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4
Q

Where are impulses from the special sense organs interpreted?

A

In other cortical areas.

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5
Q

Where is the visual area located?

A

The visual area is located in the posterior part of the occipital lobe

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6
Q

Where is the auditory area located?

A

The auditory area is in the temporal lobe bordering the lateral sulcus

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7
Q

Where is the olfactory area found?

A

The olfactory area is found deep inside the temporal lobe

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8
Q

Where is the primary motor area located?

A

The primary motor area is anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

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9
Q

What is the function of the primary motor area?

A

The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Describe the Broca’s area or motor speech area

A

The Broca’s area or motor speech area is a specialised cortical area that is very involved in our ability to speak

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11
Q

Where is the Broca’s area(motor speech area) found?

A

The Broca’s area is found at the base of the precentral gyrus

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12
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

It causes the inability to say words properly. A person knows what he/she wants to say but can’t vocalise the words

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13
Q

Where is the anterior association area located?

A

The anterior association area is believed to be in the anterior part of the frontal lobes

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14
Q

What is the function of the anterior association area?

A

The anterior association area is involved in higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behaviour

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15
Q

What does the posterior association area encompass?

A

The posterior association area encompasses part of the posterior cortex

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16
Q

What does the posterior association area play a role in?

A

The posterior association area plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces , and blending several different inputs into an understanding of the whole situation

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17
Q

Within the posterior association area is the speech area. Where is the speech area located within the posterior association area?

A

At the junction of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes.

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18
Q

What is the function of this speech area?

A

The speech area allows you to sound out words.

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19
Q

Describe the brain stem

A

The structures of the are brain stem are :

Midbrain,pons and medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Where does the brain stem lie?

A

At the base of the cerebrum

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21
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord

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22
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

The midbrain is located between the diencephalon and pons

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23
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

The midbrain contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibres & masses of gray matter

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24
Q

What do these myelinated nerve fibres and gray matter do?

A

These myelinated fibres convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain and the masses of gray matter serve as reflex centres

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25
Q

Name the 2 centres that the midbrain contains.

A

The centres for auditory and visual reflexes

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26
Q

Where does the pons lie?

A

The pons lies between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A

The pons transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord

The pons contains centres that regulate the rate and depth of breathing

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28
Q

What does medulla oblongata transmit?

A

The medulla oblongata transmits all ascending and descending impulses between the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

What does the medulla oblongata also house ?

A

The medulla oblongata also houses nuclei that control visceral functions , including the cardiac centre that controls the heart rate , the vasomotor centre for blood pressure control , and the respiratory centre that works along with the pons to control the rate and depth of breathing

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30
Q

What are the other nuclei in the medulla oblongata associated with?

A

The other nuclei in the medulla oblongata are associated with coughing , sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

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31
Q

What is the brain stem heavily involved in?

A

The brain stem is heavily involved in the innervating the face and head(10 of the 12 cranial nerves are attached to the brain stem)

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32
Q

What is the brain stem the passageway for?

A

The brain stem is a passageway for fibre tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord

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33
Q

What do the nuclei in the brain stem produce?

A

The nuclei in the brain stem produce the rigidly programmed autonomic behaviours necessary for survival

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34
Q

Where does the spinal cord end att fetal 3rd month?

A

Fetal 3rd month: ends at coccyx

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35
Q

Where does the spinal cord end at birth?

A

Birth: ends at L3

36
Q

The adult position is at approximately …

A

L1-2 during childhood

37
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

End: conus medullaris

38
Q

What does the conus medullaris taper into?

A

The conus medullaris tapers into filum terminale of
connective tissue, tethered to
coccyx

39
Q

What are the spinal cord segments superior to?

A

Spinal cord segments are superior to
where their corresponding spinal
nerves emerge through intervertebral
foramina

40
Q

Describe the denticulate ligaments.

A

Denticulate ligaments are lateral shelves

of pia mater anchoring to dura

41
Q

What are the spinal nerves part of?

A

The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral

nervous system

42
Q

How do the 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach?

A

The 31 pairs attach
through dorsal and
ventral nerve roots

43
Q

Where do the spinal nerves lie?

A

The spinal nerves lie in intervertebral

foramina

44
Q

What is the gray commissure connected to?

A

The gray commissure is connected to the central canal

45
Q

Columns of gray running along the length of the spinal cord :

A

 Posterior (dorsal) horns (cell bodies of interneurons)

 Anterior (ventral) horns (cell bodies of motor neurons)

46
Q

Where are the lateral horns found?

A

The lateral horns are found in thoracic and superior lumbar cord

47
Q

What do some descending pathways synapse with?

A

Some descending pathways synapse with the ventral (anterior)
horn interneurons

48
Q

Pyramidal tracts :

A

*Lateral corticospinal – cross in
pyramids of medulla; voluntary motor
to limb muscles

*Ventral (anterior) corticospinal –
cross at spinal cord; voluntary to
axial muscles

49
Q

Usual pattern of gray/white in CNS. White is exterior to…

A

Gray

50
Q

What does the gray matter surround?

A

The gray matter surrounds the hollow

central cavity

51
Q

What are the 2 regions with additional gray called?

A 
Two regions with 
additional gray matter called are
“cortex”
*Cerebrum: “cerebral cortex”
 *Cerebellum: “cerebellar cortex”
52
Q

The gray and white matter of the brain is like the spinal cord. What is the difference?

A

The gray and white matter of the brain is like the spinal cord but with another layer of gray outside the white called cortex

53
Q

What does the cerebrum and cerebellum have?

A 
The Cerebrum and cerebellum 
have
Inner gray matter: “brain nuclei” 
(not cell nuclei)
*Clusters of cell bodies
54
Q

What are the clusers of cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

Remember, in PNS clusters
of cell bodies are called
“ganglia”

55
Q

Where is the brain stem located?

A

The brain stem is caudal (toward tail)

to the more rostral (noseward) cerebrum

56
Q

List the lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal , parietal , temporal , occipital. Plus - insula [buried deep in the lateral sulcus]

57
Q

What is decussation?

A

Decussation is the crossing of pyramidal tracts

58
Q

Where is the basal forebrain nuclei located? What is it related to?

A

The basal forebrain nuclei is located near the hypothalamus - related to arousal,
learning, memory and motor control

59
Q

What are the “islands” of gray matter called?

A

Nuclei - clusters of neuron cell bodies[CNS]

60
Q

The cerebellum has 2 major hemispheres - three lobes each :

A

Anterior
Posterior
Floculonodular

61
Q

What is a vermis?

A

The vermis is a midline lobe connecting the 2 hemispheres

62
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the brain stem?

A

The 4th ventricle separates the cerebellum from the brain stem

63
Q

Describe the outer cortex of gray of the cerebellum.

A

The outer cortex of gray of the cerebellum - inner branching white matter, called “arbor vitae”

64
Q

Name the 3 meninges.

A
  1. Dura mater: 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue, fused
    except for dural sinuses
     Periosteal layer attached to bone
     Meningeal layer - proper brain covering
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater - Delicate, clings to the brain following convolutions
65
Q

What are the functions of the Dura mater - dural partitions?

A

The dural partitions[of the dura mater] subdivide the cranial cavity & limit movement of brain

66
Q

List the dural partitions

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

67
Q

Describe the dural partitions.

A

 Falx cerebri - In longitudinal fissure; attaches to crista galli of ethmoid bone
 Falx cerebelli - Runs vertically along vermis of cerebellum
 Tentorium cerebelli - Sheet in transverse fissure between cerebrum & cerebellum

68
Q

Arachnoid mater : Which space is between dura and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

69
Q

How do the dura and arachnoid mater cover the brain?

A

Dura and arachnoid cover the brain loosely

70
Q

What space is deep to the arachnoid mater?

A

Deep to the arachnoid is subarachnoid space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid ; lots of vessels run through the subarachnoid
[susceptible to tearing]

71
Q

What does the arachnoid mater form superiorly?

A

The arachnoid mater forms arachnoid villi[CSF valves] superiorly

72
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid[CSF] made?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid is made in the choroid plexuses[roofs of ventricles]

73
Q

What occurs through the ependymal cells?

A

Filtration of plasma from capillaries through ependymal

cells (electrolytes, glucose)

74
Q

How many millilitres per day of cerebrospinal fluid is formed?

A

500 ml/d

75
Q

The total volume of CSF :

A

The total volume is 100-160 ml (1/2 c)

76
Q

What is the function of the CSF?

A

The CSF cushions and nourishes brain

77
Q

What is the CSF assayed in?

A

Assayed in diagnosing meningitis, bleeds, MS

78
Q

Hydrocephalus :

A

excessive accumulation

79
Q

CSF circulation :

A

through ventricles, median and lateral apertures, subarachnoid space,
arachnoid villi, and into the blood of the superior sagittal sinus

80
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

The midbrain is located between the diencephalon and pons

81
Q

What does the midbrain contain? What do those parts convey?

A

The midbrain contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey
impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of
gray matter that serve as reflex centers.

82
Q

The midbrain contains centers for..

A

auditory and visual reflexes.

83
Q

Where does the pons lie?

A

The pons lying between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

84
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

The pons transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord, and
contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing

85
Q

What does the medulla oblongata transmit?

A

The medulla oblongata transmits all ascending and descending
impulses between the brain and spinal cord.

86
Q

What does medulla oblongata house?

A

The medulla oblongata also houses nuclei that control visceral
functions, including : the cardiac center that controls heart rate,
the vasomotor center for blood pressure control,
and the respiratory
center that works, along with the pons, to control the rate and
depth of breathing.

87
Q

What are the other nuclei in the medulla oblongata associated with?

A

Other nuclei in the medulla oblongata are associated with

coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.

Anatomy 201 (12 decks)

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