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Urogenital system Flashcards

1
Q

Ammonia

A

(NH3) highly soluble and toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism

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2
Q

nitrogenous wastes are produced by the breakdown of…

A

proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids (nucleotides)

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3
Q

how is urea produced?

A

Ammonia + carbon dioxide and product is dehydrated!

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4
Q

what is the main product of the kidney?

A

urea

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5
Q

cervix

A

neck of the uterus, opens into the vagina,

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6
Q

how much should the cervix dilate?

A

usually must dilate 10CM before female can push during birth

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7
Q

condoms

A

form of contraception that fits over the penis… only contraceptive that can prevent STI/STD

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8
Q

contraception

A

the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

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9
Q

corpus luteum

A

endocrine tissue that forms around a follicle after ovulation… will secrete progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

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10
Q

what does progesterone and estrogen do?

A

ovarian hormones that thicken the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

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11
Q

endocrine gland

A

glands that make up the endocrine system and produce hormones that travel through your blood (ex… pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)

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12
Q

endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

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13
Q

estrogen/ estradiol

A

ovarian hormone… secreted by corpus luteum

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14
Q

what happens to the pituitary hormones when estrogen levels are low

A

there is a negative impact on the pituitary glands, and prevents multiple follicles from producing

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15
Q

what causes an embryo to become a fetus

A

at 10 weeks structures begin to form

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16
Q

what does a follicle contain

A

cluster of cells in the ovary that contain a developing egg and cells around it that nourish it.. secretes estrogen

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17
Q

a primary oocyte in a follicle is arrested in what phase even BEFORE birth

A

prophase 1 of meiosis 1

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18
Q

fraternal twins

A

result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two separate sperm

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19
Q

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

A

result of one fertilized egg splitting and developing into two babies.. DNA is identical

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20
Q

give another name for fraternal twins

A

dizygotic twins

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21
Q

give another name for identical twins

A

monozygotic twins

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22
Q

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

A

pituitary hormone that stimulates the growth of a follicle and begins the ovarian cycle… as follicle grows it secrets more estrogen and then begins the uterine cycle (continuing to thicken the endometrium)

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23
Q

what does the rising level of estrogen cause?

A

negative impact on pituitary glands + and keeps FSH + LH levels low

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24
Q

what does keeping low levels of FSH + LH do?

A

keeps the ovary from developing multiple follicles

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25
at day one what do the estrogen levels look like?
low levels of estrogen
26
Gametes
haploid sex cell. (sperm/egg)
27
the combination of two gametes of an opposite sex produce...
a zygote
28
gonads
sex organ in animals that secretes sex hormones + produces gametes
29
male gonad is
testis
30
female gonad is
ovary
31
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
only produced by the placenta + maintains the production of estrogen and progesterone through the corpus luteum... this is what stops menstruation
32
what does a pregnancy test test for?
(HCG) can be found in blood of pregnant women or even urine
33
what is hermaphroditism
a condition where an individual has both male + female gonads and can function as both for reproduction through the production of their own sperm and egg
34
infertility
inability to get pregnant after one year of regular unprotected intercourse
35
what are some causes of infertility?
Low sperm count/ defective sperm or lack of eggs, failing to ovulate, or blocked oviducts
36
IUD (intrauterine device)
"T" shaped device that is placed in the uterus and prevents conception
37
IVF (in vitro fertilization)
type of reproductive technology that is used to assist conception... unites sperm and egg in a lab and places early embryo back into the mother's uterus
38
LH
leutinizing hormone... assists the follicle in completing meiosis 1... takes the primary oocyte and transforms it into a secondary oocyte pituitary hormone
39
what hormone surge begins ovulation
surge of LH
40
when the corpus luteum degenerates, what hormone decreases as well?
LH
41
morning after pills
emergency contraceptive that is usually taken within 3 days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy
42
what form of contraception is shown reliable when used with other contraceptives
spermicide (chemical that kills sperm)
43
menstruation
uterine bleeding due to the shedding of the endometrium
44
what are cramps caused by?
involuntary contractions of the uterus
45
what decrease in which hormones cause menstruation
decrease in LH + FSH
46
meiotic cell division
produces haploid gamete cells from diploid organisms... new cells are genetically unique (production is 4)
47
mitotic cell division
division of a single cell into genetically identical cells (production is 2)
48
nephron
structural unit of a kidney... about 1 million per kidney... their job is to extract filtrate from the blood and carry it through collecting duct out the body
49
what is the pathway of blood through a nephron?
renal artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - venule - renal vein
50
what is the pathway of filtrate through a nephron?
bowman's capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of hence - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct
51
oviduct
AKA fallopian tubes... usually the cite of fertilization
52
oxytocin
natural hormone produced by the pituitary gland that begins contractions in the uterus
53
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that occurs where embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes rather than the uterus
54
contraction cause what kind of feedback
positive feedback! as the contractions get closer, more oxytocin is released, and cervix will open until dilated 10 cm
55
progesterone
ovarian hormone... thickens the lining of the endometrium to prepare for implantation
56
human pregnancy is divided into...
3 trimesters
57
tubal ligation
"tube tying" a doctor removes a short section of each oviduct
58
urea
nitrogenous waste, urea uses more energy to convert to a nontoxic substance but uses less water! (conserves more water)
59
what is the main toxin that the kidneys excrete
urea!
60
what organ produces urea
the liver!
61
uric acid
insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous wastes excreted by snails insects and birds
62
birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because
it is insoluble and will not penetrate the water supply in their offspring/ eggs
63
vasectomy
a section of a male's vas deferens is cut out and tied/ burnt to prevent the sperm being produced in the testes to reach the urethra
64
STI/STD
sexually transmitted disease/infection
65
what are the FOUR types of infections that produce STI and which cannot be cured?
bacterial, protozoan, fungal, viral - cannot be cured
66
Bacterial STI
chlamydia + gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics
67
viral STI
genital herpes, warts, AIDS + HIVS... cannot be cured but can be treated to lessen symptoms, AIDS destroy immune system + other produce growths on genitalia`
68
protist infections
trichomoniasis can be treated with drugs, causes itching + irritation
69
fungal infections
yeast infections can be treated with anti fungal drugs and not always transmitted sexually, causes itching + irritation
70
after birth includes
the delivery of the plancenta and the decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone allowing the uterus to heal back to its previous state!
71
what hormones are secreted by the pituitary glands after birth!
prolactin + more oxytocin! these produce milk for the baby!
72
asexual reproduction
reproduction of an organism with one parent and the exact genetic replication... binary fission or mitotic cell division is used here
73
sexual reproduction
reproduction of an organism using both gametes from parents to produce a genetically diverse offspring.. more genetic variation + independent assortment. this uses meiotic cell division and the mixing of chromosomes
74
what are the four steps in the excretory processes?
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
75
what are the steps in the female reproductive cycle
maturation, ovulation, fertilization. (if it occur)
76
which nitrogenous waste requires the least amount of water to excrete
uric acid!
77
amino acids that are unused by our bodies are
deaminated (the amino group is removed!) and ammonia is converted into urea
78
animals other than humans usually produce
ammonia and uric acid!

Biology (18 decks)

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