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Biology > Urogenital system > Flashcards

Urogenital system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ammonia

A

(NH3) highly soluble and toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism

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2
Q

nitrogenous wastes are produced by the breakdown of…

A

proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids (nucleotides)

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3
Q

how is urea produced?

A

Ammonia + carbon dioxide and product is dehydrated!

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4
Q

what is the main product of the kidney?

A

urea

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5
Q

cervix

A

neck of the uterus, opens into the vagina,

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6
Q

how much should the cervix dilate?

A

usually must dilate 10CM before female can push during birth

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7
Q

condoms

A

form of contraception that fits over the penis… only contraceptive that can prevent STI/STD

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8
Q

contraception

A

the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

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9
Q

corpus luteum

A

endocrine tissue that forms around a follicle after ovulation… will secrete progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

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10
Q

what does progesterone and estrogen do?

A

ovarian hormones that thicken the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

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11
Q

endocrine gland

A

glands that make up the endocrine system and produce hormones that travel through your blood (ex… pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)

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12
Q

endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

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13
Q

estrogen/ estradiol

A

ovarian hormone… secreted by corpus luteum

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14
Q

what happens to the pituitary hormones when estrogen levels are low

A

there is a negative impact on the pituitary glands, and prevents multiple follicles from producing

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15
Q

what causes an embryo to become a fetus

A

at 10 weeks structures begin to form

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16
Q

what does a follicle contain

A

cluster of cells in the ovary that contain a developing egg and cells around it that nourish it.. secretes estrogen

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17
Q

a primary oocyte in a follicle is arrested in what phase even BEFORE birth

A

prophase 1 of meiosis 1

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18
Q

fraternal twins

A

result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two separate sperm

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19
Q

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

A

result of one fertilized egg splitting and developing into two babies.. DNA is identical

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20
Q

give another name for fraternal twins

A

dizygotic twins

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21
Q

give another name for identical twins

A

monozygotic twins

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22
Q

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

A

pituitary hormone that stimulates the growth of a follicle and begins the ovarian cycle… as follicle grows it secrets more estrogen and then begins the uterine cycle (continuing to thicken the endometrium)

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23
Q

what does the rising level of estrogen cause?

A

negative impact on pituitary glands + and keeps FSH + LH levels low

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24
Q

what does keeping low levels of FSH + LH do?

A

keeps the ovary from developing multiple follicles

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25
Q

at day one what do the estrogen levels look like?

A

low levels of estrogen

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26
Q

Gametes

A

haploid sex cell. (sperm/egg)

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27
Q

the combination of two gametes of an opposite sex produce…

A

a zygote

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28
Q

gonads

A

sex organ in animals that secretes sex hormones + produces gametes

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29
Q

male gonad is

A

testis

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30
Q

female gonad is

A

ovary

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31
Q

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

only produced by the placenta + maintains the production of estrogen and progesterone through the corpus luteum… this is what stops menstruation

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32
Q

what does a pregnancy test test for?

A

(HCG) can be found in blood of pregnant women or even urine

33
Q

what is hermaphroditism

A

a condition where an individual has both male + female gonads and can function as both for reproduction through the production of their own sperm and egg

34
Q

infertility

A

inability to get pregnant after one year of regular unprotected intercourse

35
Q

what are some causes of infertility?

A

Low sperm count/ defective sperm or lack of eggs, failing to ovulate, or blocked oviducts

36
Q

IUD (intrauterine device)

A

“T” shaped device that is placed in the uterus and prevents conception

37
Q

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

A

type of reproductive technology that is used to assist conception… unites sperm and egg in a lab and places early embryo back into the mother’s uterus

38
Q

LH

A

leutinizing hormone… assists the follicle in completing meiosis 1… takes the primary oocyte and transforms it into a secondary oocyte pituitary hormone

39
Q

what hormone surge begins ovulation

A

surge of LH

40
Q

when the corpus luteum degenerates, what hormone decreases as well?

A

LH

41
Q

morning after pills

A

emergency contraceptive that is usually taken within 3 days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy

42
Q

what form of contraception is shown reliable when used with other contraceptives

A

spermicide (chemical that kills sperm)

43
Q

menstruation

A

uterine bleeding due to the shedding of the endometrium

44
Q

what are cramps caused by?

A

involuntary contractions of the uterus

45
Q

what decrease in which hormones cause menstruation

A

decrease in LH + FSH

46
Q

meiotic cell division

A

produces haploid gamete cells from diploid organisms… new cells are genetically unique (production is 4)

47
Q

mitotic cell division

A

division of a single cell into genetically identical cells (production is 2)

48
Q

nephron

A

structural unit of a kidney… about 1 million per kidney… their job is to extract filtrate from the blood and carry it through collecting duct out the body

49
Q

what is the pathway of blood through a nephron?

A

renal artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - venule - renal vein

50
Q

what is the pathway of filtrate through a nephron?

A

bowman’s capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of hence - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

51
Q

oviduct

A

AKA fallopian tubes… usually the cite of fertilization

52
Q

oxytocin

A

natural hormone produced by the pituitary gland that begins contractions in the uterus

53
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs where embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes rather than the uterus

54
Q

contraction cause what kind of feedback

A

positive feedback! as the contractions get closer, more oxytocin is released, and cervix will open until dilated 10 cm

55
Q

progesterone

A

ovarian hormone… thickens the lining of the endometrium to prepare for implantation

56
Q

human pregnancy is divided into…

A

3 trimesters

57
Q

tubal ligation

A

“tube tying” a doctor removes a short section of each oviduct

58
Q

urea

A

nitrogenous waste, urea uses more energy to convert to a nontoxic substance but uses less water! (conserves more water)

59
Q

what is the main toxin that the kidneys excrete

A

urea!

60
Q

what organ produces urea

A

the liver!

61
Q

uric acid

A

insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous wastes excreted by snails insects and birds

62
Q

birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because

A

it is insoluble and will not penetrate the water supply in their offspring/ eggs

63
Q

vasectomy

A

a section of a male’s vas deferens is cut out and tied/ burnt to prevent the sperm being produced in the testes to reach the urethra

64
Q

STI/STD

A

sexually transmitted disease/infection

65
Q

what are the FOUR types of infections that produce STI and which cannot be cured?

A

bacterial, protozoan, fungal, viral - cannot be cured

66
Q

Bacterial STI

A

chlamydia + gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics

67
Q

viral STI

A

genital herpes, warts, AIDS + HIVS… cannot be cured but can be treated to lessen symptoms, AIDS destroy immune system + other produce growths on genitalia`

68
Q

protist infections

A

trichomoniasis can be treated with drugs, causes itching + irritation

69
Q

fungal infections

A

yeast infections can be treated with anti fungal drugs and not always transmitted sexually, causes itching + irritation

70
Q

after birth includes

A

the delivery of the plancenta and the decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone allowing the uterus to heal back to its previous state!

71
Q

what hormones are secreted by the pituitary glands after birth!

A

prolactin + more oxytocin! these produce milk for the baby!

72
Q

asexual reproduction

A

reproduction of an organism with one parent and the exact genetic replication… binary fission or mitotic cell division is used here

73
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction of an organism using both gametes from parents to produce a genetically diverse offspring.. more genetic variation + independent assortment. this uses meiotic cell division and the mixing of chromosomes

74
Q

what are the four steps in the excretory processes?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

75
Q

what are the steps in the female reproductive cycle

A

maturation, ovulation, fertilization. (if it occur)

76
Q

which nitrogenous waste requires the least amount of water to excrete

A

uric acid!

77
Q

amino acids that are unused by our bodies are

A

deaminated (the amino group is removed!) and ammonia is converted into urea

78
Q

animals other than humans usually produce

A

ammonia and uric acid!

Biology (17 decks)

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