urine physical exam

Question 1

Types of common urine specimens

Answer 1

Random, first morning, midstream clean catch, catheterized, 24-hour (timed), drug screening.

Question 2

first morning urine is for

Answer 2

confirmatory test for orthostatic proteinuria and pregnancy.

Question 3

for bacterial cultures

Answer 3

midstream clean catch and catheterized

Question 4

provide quantitative results

Answer 4

24 hour (timed) urine

Question 5

strictly follow chain-of-custody form requirements

Answer 5

Drug screening

Question 6

Test specimens within

Answer 6

2 hours of collection

Question 7

_____________ specimens that cannot be tested within 2 hours

Answer 7

Refrigerate

Question 8

increased results in unpreserved urine

Answer 8

pH, nitrite, bacteria

Question 9

decreased results in unpreserved urine

Answer 9

Glucose - glycolysis,Ketones - Oxidation,Bilirubin - Oxidation to biliverdin,Urobilinogen - oxidation to urobilin.

Question 10

normal urine volume

Answer 10

600 to 2000 mL/day

Question 11

decreased urine output

Answer 11

oliguria, less than 400mL/day

Question 12

no urine output

Answer 12

anuria

Question 13

increased urine output at night

Answer 13

nocturia

Question 14

increased urine output

Answer 14

polyuria, greater than 2500 mL/day

Question 15

increased urine output to excrete excess urine glucose is seen in

Answer 15

Diabetes mellitus

Question 16

increased urine output caused by lack or dysfunction of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is seen in

Answer 16

Diabetes insipidus

Question 17

polyuria results in

Answer 17

polydipsia

Question 18

normal urine color is

Answer 18

yellow

Question 19

Seen in refrigerated normal urine

Answer 19

White turbidity - urine with alkaline pH from amorphous phosphates and carbonates.Pink rabidity - urine with an acid pH from amorphous urates.

Question 20

Nonpathologic turbidity

Answer 20

squamous epithelial cells,mucus,amorphous phosphates,carbonates, and urates,semen,feces,radiographic contrast edia,powder and creams.

Question 21

Pathologic turbidity

Answer 21

RBCs,WBCs,yeast,urothelial and renal tubular epithelial cells,abnormal crustals,lipids (milky).

Question 22

Specific gravity is a

Answer 22

screening test for reneal tubular reabsorption of essential elements filtered by the glomerulus

Question 23

specific gravity is based on the fact that glomerular filtrate ha a specific gravity of

Answer 23

1.010

Question 24

urine contains dissolved substances that produce density by their

Answer 24

size and number

Question 25

principle of sp. gr. in reagent strip

Answer 25

based on the number of hydrogen ions released from a polyelectrolyte (pKa) is proportional to the number of ions in the urine.increased urine concentration = increased hydrogen ions released = low pHthe indicator on the strip is bromothymol bluereaction - yellow-green (acid) - green-blue (alkaline)

Question 26

principle of refractometer

Answer 26

the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution determines the velocity and angle of light passing through a solution.the refractometer uses a prism to direct a wavelength of light through the urine, the angle of the light can be read on a scale calibrated with distilled water.

Question 27

considered more representative of renal concentrating ability than specific gravity

Answer 27

osmolarity, because it measures only the number of particles and their size is not relevant.measurement is the number of particles into which 1gram MW of a substance dissociates.ex: Nonionizing urea (MW 60) = 1 particle, ionizing NaCl (MW 58.5) = 2 particles.reported in milliosmoles (mOsm)

Question 28

Colligative properties measured in the clinical laboratory

Answer 28

freezing point depression and vapor pressure depression.

Question 29

describe freezing point depression

Answer 29

one mole of nonionizing substance will lower the freezing point 1.86 oC.Volatile substances such as alcohol can interfere.

Question 30

Describe vapor pressure depression

Answer 30

Actual measurement is the dew point (temperature at which vapor condenses to a liquid) of the urine sample.Uses microsamples on filter paper discs. Care must be taken to avoid evaporation.No interference from volatile substances.

Question 31

Normal serum osmolarity

Answer 31

275 t0 300 mOsm

Question 32

urine osmolality is influenced by

Answer 32

fluid intake

Question 33

random serum-to-urine osmolarity ratio is

Answer 33

1:1

Question 34

controlled fluid intake should reach

Answer 34

1:3

Question 35

Osmolarity is used to

Answer 35

determine ADH production or tubular response to ADH for diabetes insipidus.uses harmonic oscillation density?

Question 36

automated instrumentation principle on osmolarity

Answer 36

it passes a sound wave through the urine and records the change in frequency of the sound wave, which is proportional to the urine density